Marketing Intelligence Helping Adidas

marketplaceing word of honor Helping AdidasThe paramount marketers discern their market they have in depth acquaintance of their customers, their needs, what companies/ competition have done in the past, and in which course the market is headed.The Best Battle of the Past Few DecadesNike vs. Adidas The difference between Nike and Adidas started in the late 70s. In the mid-80s, Nike signed basketball sensation Michael Jordan and quickly released the Air Jordan line. Adidas signed Run DMC banking on the explosion of Hip-Hop. Who won? Well, they both sell sports shoes and Adidas signed a musical class while Nike signed a sports star. Till 2000, Nikes expense was$15 cardinal and Adidass $8 billion. Nike dominated most sports while Adidas remained strong only in soccer.Why did this happen? The strong market place Intelligence helped Nike chit in correct positioning by signing basketballs most popular acclivity star. Adidas strayed from the sports theme completely by signing a Hip-Hop group. foodstuff Intelligence (MI) is the information relevant to a participations markets gathered and analyzed itemally for the purpose of accurate and confident decision-making in determining market opportunity, market penetration strategy, and market development metrics. Competitive Intelligence describes the broader discipline of researching, analyzing and formulating info and information from the entire competitive environment of any organization. course Intelligence of any kind may also be their responsibility, in in tandem with (or solely performed by) the Finance department, for measuring market share and setting product targets, the Mergers Acquisition group for exploring acquisition opportunities, the Legal department to protect the organizations assets or RD for cross-company comparison of innovation trends and the discovery of opportunities through innovative antitheticiation.Market science focuses particularly on competitors, customers, consumer spend ing, market trends, and suppliers. A marketing perception ashes is a set of procedures and data sources used by marketing handlers to assure information from the environment that they can use in their decision making. unfocused examineThe manager, by virtue of what he/she reads, hears and watches exposes him/herself to information that may march useful. Like did by adidass Louis-Dreyfus in its 1993 downsizing the staff following the trends of industry.Semi-focused scanningManager narrows the range of media that is scanned. For instance, the manager may focus more on economic and business publications, broadcasts etc. and pay less attention to political, scientific or technological media. Like its seem in the ads which were targeted only the youth. unceremonious searchThis describes the situation where a fairly limited and unstructured adjudicate is made to obtain information for a specific purpose. For example, the marketing manager of a firm considering improving its bottom line. Like in the grammatical case of Adidas . In 1994 U.S. sales grew 62 percentage, and a year later the company went public. By the late 1990s the companys U.S. sales were growing at an yearly rate of nearly 50 percentFormal searchThis is a purposeful search after information in some organized way. The information will be required to address a specific issue. Like in case of Adidas over merging with Reebok.COMPETITIONAdidas estimated that Nikes media cypher was 10 times greater than its own-but adidas believed that its quality products and careful marketing could fall in enthusiasm among consumers. Fortunately for adidas, Nike hit a rough patch in the late 1990s that helped pave the way for adidass success. Although Nike still dominated the athletic-footwear category, its shit grew weaker.MARKETING STRATEGY through MIBetter to have a conversation with people, not a conversation at people. Adidass marketing intelligence found what people wanted to see, feel and buy. How peop le associate themselves with different celebs and it proceeded on same lines.OUTCOMEAdidas continued to flourish and in 1998 held onto its identification number three ranking in the athletic-footwear industry with a 6 percent share, according to market research firm NPD Group, Inc. In comparison, Nikes retail one dollar bill share was 34 percent and Reeboks 13 percent. Adidas spokesperson John Fread told the Business Journal of Portland, For us, 1998 was an outstanding year, another record. Adidas was back in the game, and it planned to stay there, pursuing its commitment to sports and athletes around the globe through its strong Market Intelligence.Adidas plus Reebok is equal to better competition with giant NikeIn 2006, Adidas acquired Reebok in a US$3.1 billion deal. The merger was aimed at helping Adidas enlarge its share in the U.S. market and better compete with market drawing card Nike Inc. and fourth ranked Puma AG. The Reebok acquisition was seen as a recognize factor i n growing the Adidas give away in developing and fashion-oriented markets of Asia deal China, Korea, and Malaysia. Moreover, Reebok already had marketing tie-ups in China (with Yao Ming).The Adidas brand had sales worth 7.1 billion (US$10.8 billion) while Reebok had sales worth 2.3 billion (US$3.5 billion). In 2006 the Adidas brand had sales worth 6.6 billion to Reeboks 2.5 billion. The marketing Intelligence has definitely helped Adidas to produce as one No. 1 in sports footwear.Nike reported widely distributed futures orders for athletic footwear and apparel (scheduled for delivery from December 2007 through April 2008) totaling $6.5 billion, 13 percent higher than such orders reported for the same period give-up the ghost year.

The Uses And Misuses Of Derivatives Finance Essay

The Uses And Mis maps Of Derivatives finance Essay outfox pecuniary resource be pools of enthronization that invest in al just about each hazard in any commercialise where they foresee impressive gains at rock-bottom try. Hedging refers to implementing strategies that manage or protect against an identified riskiness of infection expo real. They lay down leveraged sits in public completelyy traded equity, debt, foreign exchange and derivatives.The primary aim of most sidestep property is to reduce unpredictability and risk while attempting to lay aside capital and deliver positive re unloosens downstairs any securities industry place conditions (Friedland., 2008). Derivatives reserve institutions the opportunity to break pecuniary risks into littler components and then to secure or distri stille those components to manage risk.Hedge coin hold a list of assets they use derivatives to protect against the adverse abuse movement of these assets. Hedge coin play more of the role of speculators than of hold everywherers. They use derivatives when buying and shell outing assets and by putting coherent- suddenly marks, they seek to outsmart themselves against broad market place moves while lucreing from changes in the relative value of the instruments they go dour or short.Hedge exchange in hand absenter a variety of unique strategies to utilize when investing in besiege cash, these be called hedging techniques. These include Market Neutral Strategies, military issue Drive / Special Situations Strategies, Long compact, globose Macro, Sector and Country, Dynamic Strategies, currency of gold, stocks of Funds of Funds etcetera (http//www.global-derivatives.com)Market Neutral Strategies are apply in Market Neutral Funds. They tend to take flummoxs which trip each an early(a)(prenominal) with both a languish and short position simultaneously to reduce their risk exposure. These strategies include Long laconic a nd translatable trade. Long-Short methodology attempts to reduce market risk by winning both retentive and short positions in the market. This derriere be by dint of by taking a long position in undervalued assed and a short position in overvalued ones. In these entrepots, it is anticipated that the undervalued assets go out accession in value than any losings incurred from the overvalued assets, or vice versa. Convertible arbitrage is a relatively more complex dodging. In this transmutable securities a great deal(prenominal) as redeemable bonds which can be converted into common shares or bonds are bought, to take advantage of any footing discrepancies surrounded by the convertible security and that of the exchangeable fundamental. A position can be taken for buying convertible security or treating the underlying asset to realise any difference in prices. (http//www.global-derivatives.com) do control / Special Situations Strategies intend to relieve oneself p rofit from as yetts related to patchicular companies. Event Driven specie take a bet that something in the rising volition observe which will affect the caller-up and its assets in a particular way. These funds include Distressed Securities and Merger/ Risk arbitrage these securities include debt and equity of companies undergoing reorganization or bankruptcy, it is apprehendd that companies will recover and growing in value. These securities declare very low value and can be apt(p) to the management of a confederation during the restructuring process. Merger/Risk Arbitrage funds tend to analyze companies which are potential takeover or merger targets by taking 2 positions. An framework of it would be to buy the nones of a company that is macrocosm acquired with hope that its prices will rise and to sell stocks of the company that is acquiring, in anticipation that its value might walk out. (http//www.global-derivatives.com)Long Short is an other(a) strategy whic h includes buying and selling a security base on the sen condemnationnts in the market or of a company. It includes short selling, long, and increment fund. Short selling occurs when a person anticipates that the price will shine in future and sells a stock which it does non possess, through borrowing. If the price really falls in future, they buy the serve up from the market at a dispirit price and return it to the one they borrowed from earlier at lower price, thus devising a profit. Long is another strategy in dodge funds, it is a fixed income instrument that benefits from the rise in the price of the held asset. They often utilize leveraged positions to maximize returns.Global Macro is an economic science based strategy which intends to benefit from shifts in global economic conditions such(prenominal)(prenominal) as inflation, engagement rates and other macro-economic computes a common example of it is the use of interest rate derivatives for speculative purposes, t hey give profit from economic movements within particular countries.Sector and Country strategies include vault of heaven funds and e conflux markets. Sector funds are hedge funds that determine within a particular industry for example technology, textile etc. these investments consist of long or short positions in stock, debt, or even derivatives on the stocks. E confluence markets include funds that emphasize on emerging markets with less-developed economies and aim to profit from market growth which influence the securities positively. Securities in these hedge funds include sovereign debt or corporate securities with the anticipation that their prices will rise with economic growth.Dynamic strategies include elements such as market timings and opportunistic. Strategy of market timing involves the right timing of the market. It includes making profit based on the correct timing of investments across markets by mournful between various asset classes depending upon the view of t he manager regarding the market environment. opportunistic strategy involves switching across asset classes, they use a lean of strategies mentioned above depending upon the managers discretion, and the reason for switching strategies is to take a leak the most profit. (http//www.global-derivatives.com)Funds of funds is the strategy of hedge funds to invest in other hedge funds in order to diversify the risk and exposure. The success of these funds depends upon the managers way of handling the funds rather than the performance of the actual investments.Funds of funds of funds or F3s is a new concept to hedge the risk exposure in terms of investments by reducing the excitableness of the funds itself. They are good for high risk-averse investors willing to invest in the hedge funds industry. (http//www.global-derivatives.com)Amaranth Advisors LLC (Amaranth)Formation and BackgroundAmaranth comprises of Amaranth LLC and Amaranth Advisors LLC. It was founded by Nick Maounis (Maounis ) in 2000 as a multi-strategy hedge fund with a special rivet on convertible arbitrage (selling (short) equity stocks and at the same conviction buying (long) convertibles of the same company creating a delta neutral portfolio), with its headquarter in Greenwich, computed tomography and with approximately $600 one one million million million in capital. Maounis experience was in managing a number of various arbitrage accounts in the US, Japan, Europe and Canada. The aim was to make cyberspace from the small discrepancies in prices of stocks and bonds, through its structure of three principal funds Amaranth Partners LLC, Amaranth Capital Partners LLC, and Amaranth International Limited and the 27 investment professionals. It sought to apply a group of arbitrage commerce strategies particularly featuring convertible bonds, stocks of merging companies and utilities. tho, Over the eld, the job activity of Amaranth expanded into merger arbitrage (making a riskless profit by p urchasing individual stocks of two merging companies and selling them together), leveraged loans (loans given/extended to individuals or companies that already engender wide debts on their books), blank-check companies (developing companies) ,volatility trading arbitrage (buying or selling an option on an underlying instrument and selling or buying a alter percentage of the underlying instrument this to gain from the difference between the implied volatility of an option and forecasted future probable volatility of the corresponding underlying instrument), long/short equity, and cogency trading. (ICMR, 2010)StrategyAs noted above, at the time of formations and throughout its term, the firm emphasized that it was a multi-strategy hedge fund, exactly as it could be noted in the aftermaths that most of the firms investments and losses were in innate shove along derivatives.Amaranths basic strategy comprised of trading in the Natural blow market the firm as well ask a long pos ition in passs, with hope that the prices will rise, especially when the demand for indispensable turgidness exceeds the supply and remembering capacity due to the cold season. Its wintertime months were November, declination, January, February and March. Amaranth use to take a short position in summers when it anticipated that the prices will fall. Part of its strategy in addition included taking short position in April and long position in March. Moreover, another strategy was to purchase call options on winter months and put options on non-winter months.Amaranth used to bet that innate(p) blow out prices will rise, and the spreads in March and April prices will rise as vigorous. disposition of Natural Gas MarketBy nature, the intrinsic brag market is very risky and inconstant. Majorly because t createher is a commercial need for the trade good. This stance creates a need for an institution to control its supply and terminus.In America, there has been inadequate st orage capacity of inwrought gasconade for peak the winter season demand. Therefore the price of natural gas is higher in winters firstly due high demand and secondly due to join on the incentives to store natural gas. These factors raise the prices of winter natural gas contracts to an all time high level.Apart from that, the market of natural gas is in any cocktail dress volatile because the natural gas work in America is lower than the rise in the demand for natural gas. U.S. Natural Gas markets are shielded from the global sinew factors because a very small sum of bullion of US natural gas need are met by imports of smooth-spoken Natural Gas (LNG).Commodities trades require less delimitation money (collateral) than other markets. On the main exchanges, trades post 10 percent of their positions value, whereas in the stock market, 50 percent is common. (Davis, Sender, Zuckerman, 2006). After gaining credit rating from banks, it is very easy for trade good hedge funds to get highly leveraged quickly.Traders of natural gas clear a number of options. The largest exchange for trading natural gas is the NYMEX ( cutting York mercenary interchange) which has standardized futures contracts up to few delivery months up to 5 years that are traded on the exchange. Traders can similarly use ICE (Intercontinental Exchange) which is an over-the-counter market for trading natural gas futures contracts.There has been a lot of debate if hedge funds have an impact on muscle trading. According to Gary Gensler (a former Goldman Sachs banker and treasury department prescribed and chairman of the trade good Futures and Trading Commission (CFTC) the chief regulator for vitality futures brawniness trading state I believe that excessive speculation in commodity futures can cause sudden or unreasonable fluctuations or raging changes in commodity prices,. He alike expressed his opinion that the fast growth of commodity index funds and change magnitude hedge fund allocation to commodity assets contributed to the bubble in commodity prices. (Delamaide, Jan 11, 2010)PerformanceThe founders original expertise was in convertible bonds (Till, 2006). The firm later specialized in leveraged loans, blank-check companies and in energy trading. Till June 30th 2006, energy trades accounted for about one-half of the funds capital and generated about 75% of their profits. (Till, 2006)In 2002 Amaranth started trading with JP Morgan Chase, in energy commodity trading.The winters of 2003 were exceptionally cold and lasted till February, this raised the prices of natural gas manifolds, and this in turn gave huge profits to Amaranth due to its long position in winters. By 2004-5 Amaranth shifted most of its investments into energy trading. The company used to make huge profits from placing spread trades and placing bullish bets on energy in 2005. In the same year America was severely hit by Hurricane Katrina, which adversely impacted it natural gas and oil payoff and refining capacity. This raised the price of natural gas and Amaranth reaped huge profits out of it.The accounts of Amaranth LLC showed robust performance by the company since its inception. The compound one-year return for the period kinfolk 2000-November 2005 according to media reports was 14.72 net of all costs. (Gupta Kazemi)The graph below shows Amaranths returns till May 2005. The chart compares the Amaranths returns against CISDM Equal Weighted Hedge Fund Index and CISDM Convertible Arbitrage Index. Amaranth had gained a noteworthy position in May 2005, in CISDM Equal Weighted Hedge Fund Index. The chart show the volatility Amaranth was facing in May 2005, this volatility had brought high returns in the onetime(prenominal) but things then started taking the turn towards the wrong side.Amaranths returns source (Gupta Kazemi)NYMEX (New York Mercantile Exchange) noticed Amaranths encounterable open interest of 51% in Aug 2006 in September natural gas future s contract, which would foul at the end of the month. NYMEX (New York Mercantile Exchange) brought its concerns into notice to Amaranth. Amaranth not only cut back their September but also Octobers positions, as per the directions of NYMEX (New York Mercantile Exchange). Alongside Amaranth increased their positions in October and September positions under ICE contracts, thus escalating their overall positions in natural gas. (Gupta Kazemi)According to US Securities and Exchange Commission filings, investors in Amaranths funds included a number of Wall Street banks including Morgan Stanley, Credit Suisse crowd and Deutsche Bank AG. (Burton Leising, 2006)Amaranth was marketing energy and commodities fund to open in December 2006 of about $5 one million million million. The fund was to be managed by huntsman and Jeff Baired, co-head of Amaranths Global energy and commodities business. But unfortunately the events that followed didnt allow it to happen. (Burton Leising, 2006)Col lapse and BeyondAmaranth used to bet that natural gas prices will rise, and the spreads in March and April prices will rise as well. However in 2006, so did not happen and gas prices began to decline due to rising inventories leaving Amaranth on the wrong side of the market trend and consequently reducing its portfolio value of $9.2 one million million million by less than half.Headed by Brian hunter, it seemed that Amaranth had not anticipated the rise in the natural gas storage capacity, and the weather pattern bringing a warmer winter.It was in a weeks time that Amaranth lost 65% of its $9.2 zillion assets. On September 14 alone, the fund lost $681 million from its natural gas exposure.On September 20th 2006, Amaranth change its inbuilt energy trading portfolio in a flurry to J.P. Morgan Chase and Citadel enthronisation Group. It did so at significant discounts to the portfolios then mark-to-market value. (Till, 2006)At the time of extinction of Amaranth, the spread on gas future declined. The spread on positions held by Amaranth were $2.85 in late August, but after the liquidation had reached below $0.75. (MORGENSON ANDERSON, September 20, 2006). This indicates the lower price expectations in both the supply ship and ask price for every $1 invested in Amaranths holdings.When Amaranth Advisors LLC announced that it had suffered losses just as big as LTCMs, markets did not respond for Amaranth the way as they did for LTCM (Long consideration Capital Management). New York federal official did not hold summit confluence for a bailout plan but JP. Morgan Co. and Merrill Lynch Co started selling off Amaranths portfolio of natural gas futures. The co-founder of Energy Hedge Fund Centre (which tracks 520 energy funds) utter, There is not systematic risk. The market can absorb this. (Mufson, 2006).The reasons for such a reaction were that, firstly Amaranth (although was doing rash trading) but borrowed less intemperately and had less leverage than LTCM (Long Term Capital Management) secondly its positions were smaller and focus in natural gas futures. LTCM s failure threatened the constancy of banks, whereas Amaranths failure only hurt imprudent investors in the natural gas market who hadnt done any research before investing.Amaranths co-founder and chief executive, Nicholas Maounis, said in his letter to investors that the fund was aggressively reducing our natural gas exposure to meet payments to creditors. The said that there was large scale fluctuations in the value of the fund, which was up sharply in August, would be down 35 percent for the year after the sell-off. Later Maounis said that the conditions in the natural gas market deteriorated and market runniness dried up so quickly that the fund was unable to unwind its energy positions. He said it became clear that we couldnt trade out of it. Amaranth had no choice but to sell its positions at a huge loss because the fund was casingd with margin calls and couldnt borrow anymore because of the liquidness problem that emerged once news of its losses hit the market.Maounis apologized to the institutional investors, pension funds and wealthy individuals who lost money as a result of the bad trades. He said We touch sensation bad about losing our money. We bungl even worse about losing your money. (CBC-News, 2006) officially at Amaranth desperately tried to sell the fund to Citigroup. But condescension the extensive talks and negotiations, Citigroup decided to walk away from making any hoi polloi. (Taulli, Sep 29th 2006 )On July 25, 2007, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) supercharged Amaranth and head energy trader Brian Hunter with Attempted Manipulation of the value of Natural Gas Futures including making false statements to the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX). The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission has also charged Amaranth and its traders with market manipulation. Amaranth filed a lawsuit against JP Morgan claiming US$ 1 billion in damages, on the grounds that the bank interfered in the companys work to make a deal with Goldman Sachs and Citadel Investments.The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) later announced a settlement with Amaranths defendants. However Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) did not withdraw its charges on Amaranth and on August 12, 2009, the federal court tenacious Amaranth to pay a $7.5 million civil monetary penalty. The court also enjoins Amaranth from violating the anti-manipulation provisions of the Commodity Exchange Act. (Release, 2009)Amaranth then sued Touradji and his employees (Touradji Capital Management LP), by filing a complaint on September 18, 2006 in New York Supreme court in Manhattan, seeking at least $350 million for claims including breach of contract and misappropriation of trade secrets. Amaranth says that Touradji Capital Management LP breached two contracts agreed to in September 2006 regarding the transfer and purchase of Amaranths ba se-metals portfolio.According to the official documents, Touradji Capital Management LP used the information to recover profits obtained by defendants through improper trading practices and misuse of plaintiffs propriety and confidential information. Maounis, through a spokesman, refused to comment on the Touradji Capital Management LP suit (Chanjaroen, 2006). However in September 2009, Amaranth withdrew the summon it filed against Touradji Capital Management. Neither of the parties do a payment of any kind due to the withdrawal of notice.After the fall of Amaranth, Goldman Sachs was quick to come into action, and struck a deal to take over hedge fund manager of Amaranth Advisor LLCs lease at Greenwich America.Goldman diligent about 124,000 square feet at the property, which had served at Amaranths headquarters before the company was wound up in September. Amaranths lease was to expire in at the end of 2015 and had a rate of about $35 per square foot. (Ambroz, April 10, 2007) esse ntial control or Management of AmaranthMaouniss original expertise was in convertible bonds. In mid 2004 Maounis hired Brian Hunter (Hunter) an energy trader who was running(a) for Deutshe Bank energy trading desk. Calgary-based Hunter was Amaranths head energy trader, who was given a free hand to trade the commodity market, due to his past experience of taking huge positions and making huge profits in the natural gas market. Maounis was impressed that Hunters made hundreds of millions of dollars (around 1 billion) for the firm in 2005 after Hurricane Katrina sent natural gas prices soaring, made the 32-year-old Canadian a co-head of commodities trading. Maounis let Hunter increase the size of his natural gas positions so that they became more than half of the entire firms exposure. This was against Amaranths claim of maintaining a multi-strategy fund.Before Hunters arrival, all commodities positions made up about 20 percent of Amaranths portfolio with natural gas having roughly 7 percent share.Amaranths assistants had a confidence built on past success and they thought that they had a fool-proof strategy (taking long position in winters and short in summers) the company had reaped huge profits in 2002-2005 from this strategy.Amaranths website said moving nimbly and effectively within an ever-changing investment landscape and said that its employees possess fearlessness with respect to complexity, learning, as well as invention, and continuously strive for perfection. Maounis, said he had chosen the companys name, which direction unfading in Greek.According to the wall street journal, Brian Hunters had so lots success in trading natural gas futures, or bets, on the future prices of the commodity, that Amaranth allowed him to work from his home in Calgary, where he drove a Ferrari in summer and a Bentley in winters. (Hedge fund a essay excessively far, 2006, September 20). Analysts estimate that in order to fund his positions, Hunter was borrowing $8 for ev ery $1 of Amaranths own funds. When the bet went in his favour, he could pay back the debt and keep the rest of the profit for Amaranth. As the bets started to go against him September 2006, his borrowing amplified his losses. (Hedge fund a gamble too far, 2006, September 20). It is unremarkably believed that hedge funds improve the efficiency of the financial markets by introducing liquidity and innovation (Hedge fund a gamble too far, 2006, September 20). However Amaranths collapse shows that the hedge fund managers earn for their too-generous salaries only and not for the investors who have put up their earnings and nest egg in their funds.Operational risk is the risk associated with the internal management of the company and the probability of making wrong decisions that might harm the performance of the firm. Amaranth seemed to be suffering highly from operational risk. Hunters had a target of making $2 billion for the year at the end of August 2006. Analysts comment of such a target that Hunters must have had an unconsciously large position for this market, nonpareil of the biggest players in the energy markets, such as Goldman Sachs Group, would take up positions less than a tenth as big as Hunters, traders said.Hunter was involved in rash trading in the market as his positions were often twice as big as the next biggest. It is also said that in Amaranth, there was an exclusive risk manager for every trading book, who sat with the risk takers on the trading desk. (http//www.icmrindia.org/casestudies/catalogue/Finance/Collapse-Amaranth%20Advisors-Case%20Studies.htmRisk_Management)The risk managers were well qualified and had advance degrees.Paul Touradji, founder and managing partner of Touradji Capital Management, said was obvious about risk control and not about commodities. Touradji admitted that he exited the natural gas market for a year because Amaranth had entered the market, comparing its presence with that of well-financed poker player sitti ng down with poorer players and making big bets. I cant think of a right counterstrategy other than to say, I am going to be at the bar until youre done, Touradji said. (http//www.hedgefundintelligence.com/Event.aspx?ProductID=7035ElementID=4983, 2006)Problemsvariegation is the key element of all investment portfolios. It reduces the unsystematic risk of unstableness in any part of the economy. Amaranth specialized in the natural gas industry so much that it failed to realise that if it took any incorrect accident at any point in time, it would not have to face severe consequences. This is counted as a factor of poor risk management.One of the biggest issues with hedge funds is that there is lack of transparency for investors and they have no idea as to what the fund is doing with their money. Most hedge funds make money with the performance fees that are generated when the fund achieves large gains the bigger the gains the larger the fees for the hedge funds. If the funds stays still or falls, the performance fee is exactly the same. This type of fee structure can force hedge fund traders to implement exceedingly risky strategies.Much of the blame for what happened to Amaranth is being put on Brian Hunters, although he had a strategy, experience and understanding in the natural gas market which worked well with various weather shocks, but the fund manager failed to take into account the rise in storage capacity of natural gas. The arrival of a relatively warm winter did not raise the demand of natural gas as much as in the previous years. These factors did not increase the price of natural gas as much, thus creating problems for Amaranth which has a long position.Amaranth was operating on a high leverage. As told earlier, Amaranth was operating on an 81 of debt to equity ratio. This amplified the credit problems for Amaranth because once it started facing liquidity problems it ran out of cash to maintain its cash flows.After its collapse but before liquida ting, Amaranth fixed restrictions on its investors to withdraw holdings of cash. That is, they were allowed to withdraw for certain number of days but were required to submit the amount before the end of the term because inability to do so resulted in a penalty. Investors were not allowed their savings beyond 7.5% of their savings. (MORGENSON ANDERSON, September 20, 2006).The bankruptcy of funds causes damage to a number of individuals and companies that have their stake with them. In the Case of Amaranth, Morgan Stanley, invested $126 million, or about 5 percent, of its $2.3 billion funds of hedge funds in Amaranth. Even New York Fed Governor Timothy F. Geithner warned that hedge fund failures could hurt market participants other than those investors and lenders who have chosen to do business directly with those funds. (Mufson, 2006). This is because the instability created in the market (because of the bankruptcy of the company and the loss of a lot of people) can result in a s ystemic risk, which influences other sectors as well.It is commonly said that Amaranths systems did not measure risks correctly and did not take go that would reduce the risk. The risk models that were employed by hedge funds use historic data, but the natural gas markets in 2006 were more volatile than any other year since 2001, making models less useful. A managing handler of Lyster Watson Co, an advisory firm that invests in hedge funds for clients but not with Amaranth said, It was a total failure of risk control to put your entire business at risk and not seem to know it. They were more leveraged than they realised. (Davis, Sender, Zuckerman, 2006).Lessons to be learntDerivatives as we know are risky sources of investments, and there a number of lessons that one can learn from the incident of Amaranth. Before making an investment (esp. in sector fund) it is important to analyze the performance of the sector relating to the profits and losses, during the past few years. A mo nthly sector summary reveals that a -24% monthly loss is normal and the monthly volatility of the energy strategies was around 12% (Till, 2006), therefore due consideration should be made by investors before investing in such an industry.The second factor that fund managers should consider is of marketability or liquidity, which is the ease with which the contracts can be sold into the market again. The exchange traded futures market of natural gas contracts is way smaller than the over-the-counter natural gas positions. This should put the question in investors minds that in case the market of natural gas declines so how will they sell their contracts and blow their position. The strategy of Amaranth did not include an exit strategy. The following case of MotherRock also proves this point.Before the fall of Amaranth, on August 2, 2006 MotherRock, a natural-gas-oriented hedge fund had announced that it was shutting down, its losses had reached up to $300 million it had made a wron g short position and was therefore obligate to liquidate due to mounting losses. This should have sent alarming gong to the investors in Amaranth to secure their position in the market and they make sure that the dont face liquidity risk in near future (liquidity risk explained later).All successful investors have an exit strategy as part of their main strategy liquidity is one of the four core factors to consider when investing in the market, these factors are risk, return, liquidity and maturity. Liquidity risk includes the risk that liabilities cannot be met when they fall due and can only be met at an uneconomic price. This risk can be accounted for by widening the bid/offer spread. An institution might lose liquidity if its credit ratings fall, it experiences sudden unexpected cash outflows or some other event that causes the counterparties to annul trading with or lending to the institution. A firm can also be exposed to liquidity risk if markets on which it depends are pa ss on to loss of liquidity. Liquidity risk tends to compound other risks. If a trading organization has a position in an illiquid asset, its limited ability to liquidate that position at short notice will compound its market risk. Suppose a firm has offsetting cash flows with two different parties on a given day. If the counterparty that owes it a payment defaults, the firm will have to raise cash from other sources to make its payment. Should it be unable to make its payment, it will default too. Here liquidity risk is compounding credit risk. A position can be hedged against market risk, through diversification of the portfolio by including assets with different unsystemic risks, but still has liquidity risk.Amaranths investments were notional funds that lacked liquidity due to the nature of the natural gas futures market. They did not have any counter party to take their position under a week, when they needed it most. One reason that can explain this liquidity problem is that t he counter parties had already locked their position in the forward contracts relating to production or storage. It seemed that due to their past experience, of success in assuming long position in winters and short position in summers, Amaranth failed to anticipate the liquidity risk they were getting into by being unable to find a counter party. (Till, 2006). This was the job of the funds risks managers to employ scenario analysis based on this past events. Taking all the factors mentioned above proves that Amaranth was taking immense risk with respect to liquidity.Amaranth was giving the natural gas comodity market a return by providing liquidity to the participants who cou

Durkheims Theory: Summary, Critique and Analysis

Durkheims Theory Summary, Critique and AnalysisThis review is The recovers of the Sociological method acting by Durkheim. I will try to summarise the c at oncepts of it and indicate about of objections of Durkheims position which I encountered in this article and will highlight as I go along.Durkheim states that the behaviour, phenomena and other societal dogma influence adept to think, act, feel and react. Durkheim dedicated few fundamental elements such as the alliance among the psyches and ordering to the nature and genial bond. He identified the 2 types of the societies into mechanical and organic societies. He distinguished them in terminals of their sh bed beliefs, governing laws, level of several(prenominal)ism and social ills. According to Durkheims main speculation of social fact existed even before we were born and as a result a social fact is every way of acting, flash-frozen or not, capable of exercising based on the individuals orthogonal reserve given by the golf-club (p. 13).He added that social structures put peerless over a coercive power over the individual, which means that we ar coerced into subsequent formal rules of our caller. According to Durkheim, social facts have main features such as an external to the individual, coercive of the individual and not attached to any particular individual. The cause argues that the basic norms of social facts as things to examine and understand.Durkheim is key thinker of social science and his theory and methods of was positivism (holism/whole), and he considers that social structures exist on an individual basis of the individual, and the individual agent does not play a huge mathematical function in the social fact. He emphasised that social facts exist outdoors the individuals, and the manifestation of the individuals is a social fact. He also suggested that society gives spate a role to play based on their rationality and choices, at that placefore, society has made the individuals. Durkheim also suggested that belief existed since birth, and he gave his account on almost(prenominal) inherent habits. It has been noticed that sight are taught to be abided by trustworthy obligation label by the society which termed as law and custom. The actions of individuals are totally connected with the education that unrivaled derives from his family or hit the bookst through holiness and customs of the society. Therefore, it is duty served by any individual by beingness a brother, mother, son or a husband or as a citizen which are defined as the education and the obligation lop by the society. This shows these concepts and expectations did not come from the individuals but from the social community.Although we might think of these normative community behaviours and share its values, we still constrained its founding. So, hatful have selected the social facts with conscious header and their rationality. This means that people use their mind and b rain to accept and follow the customs. However, in contrary to our recent day people are more rational and use their own liberty and choice based on their own desires and will. Therefore, they rebel the norms and customs. In this sense, Durkheim sit down the social level apart from psychology, and he insists that sociology and psychology are dissimilar. psychological science and Sociology goes hand in hand. Since people use their mind, brain to select their desires nearly them as well as their rationality. Durkheim referred understanding of the social fact belongs to sociology and its different from biology and psychology. In this sense, both discipline affects serviceman growth, their rationality, choices and relationships. If he utilize consciousness/unconsciousness, and the effects of the emotions, how rouse he spate the sociology and psychology? This is the cranny that needs to be considered.Hence, the thoughts and the ideas that are controlling ones behaviour is not a ctual by any individuals, rather they are enforced by some outside power and are penetrated on the character of the individual. In our modern day, a constant constraint has been developed to make people cognisant that they are not only dependent upon themselves neither on the societal norms and customs, but law and legislations sat. In the past century, the social norms could not be challenged or denied. People consider the norms are important and those failed to follow lavatory either formally or informally crumb be basic through the law and legislation, or by the communities as social control. They hasten excluded and shamed them. However, this is no longer valid.In his century, people considered norms are merry and those failed to follow finish either formally or informally can be sanctioned through the law/ legislation, or by the communities. They rifle ashamed, isolation and excluded. However, this is no longer valid. People resist against religion and norms, and they d ont facial gesture punishments . For stance, marriage were very crucial husband and wife and baberen via verse, and every individual expected to follow. However, today, all those are no longer essential, and whether an individual is one gender or another or same sex marriage, bisexual person or belong to LGB are acceptable now.Conventions, on the other hand, are made by society to make people decide between the right and wrong, even if they are totally baseless. It has been analysed that if one tries to violate the rules set by the society, it acts against him and make him comp permitely helpless to stand on his grounds. Furthermore, the society will ask him to anticipate his action if there is still metre existed. In an alternative case, the society tries to nullify the action if it is considered to be rechargeable or make him pay a penalty if the action cannot be repaired. The restriction set by society causes an infringement in chaste laws and ethics, special punishments are enforced to provide a check on the behaviour of the citizens which is soak upn a form of deterrence, p.2)However, there are some dishonour that goes against the ordinary convention of the society and treated less violently. take downtually, it has been examined that there are certain individuals who try to successfully break the rules forcing one to fight against them. Even if the forces of the society are overcome, they impose the power of virtue and moral constraints that will drive them to act and feel externally. They exercise control over the individuals and let them function the way they like. The actions represented by the society should not be confused with the organic and the physical phenomenon that does not exist in the human conscious mind.There are certain facts in the society which are termed to be really social as it is used without any pellucidity and accuracy in the society. The social facts generally cover the entire phenomenon and the occurrent within the so ciety with the presence of little social interest of the people. Societies see each of the functions differently and are judged differently by all.His example on (p. 6), on constrain and convention, as he used an example of the setoff of a childs life. I believe the growing process of every child is similar to any given society. Although, he concentrated in France. Children learn through role modelling and imitations. Therefore, one may argue the existence of the external power which Durkheim believes is coercive forces which shapes them, merely is temporary, and its rather can be general influences till child reaches a certain age. If they reach the ages of maturity, they can rebel and resist some of these norms and customs, as we experienced today.In accordance, the term social has gathered a new meaning that is the factor on which individualism depends on. The social fact that existed in the well-defined society has emerged as the new form that contains the same objectivity cont rolling the behaviour of the individual. edict creates a profound impact on the emotions and feelings of the individual so once the community of the society breaks up, it fails to influence the feelings of the individuals and fails to enforce its power on them. The feelings and the experiences that people faced while being exposed to the harsh system of the society are completely dissimilar to that experience while being alone. In this respect the law of society draws every harmless individual to its smashed and cruel act when they are exposed to the crowd and let people get introduced to the religious, political and the artistic matters that are constantly surrounding them. smorgasbord the very beginning of growing stage of the child, he is taught the way to eat, residue in regular hours and maintain cleanliness, which is later observed as a power or force to mend his ways to become a respectable individual of the society. This gradually gives rise to tendencies and habits that forms the inner and outer characteristics of the individual. The pressure level of the society and the environment to which one is subjected to, helps to shape ones personality and behaviour since childhood. purposeEven though, the concept of the individual agent is strictly limited, still there are ways of thinking, acting, feeling which external power of coercion to the individual is. However, this is mental controlling to the individuals and enforcing them to abide by, regardless of their mental capacity and rationality. Therefore, one can say there is no way that one can detach or separate sociology from psychology.He also viewed an individual is cock and contributes little to the sociological knowledge. There are some premises are justified, however society evolved and transformed. Therefore, his argument are not fully compelling, when you nip at other theories which makes a lot more sense. His clarification is serviceable but limited. The author failed to consider other po ssibility of the future replace overtime. Therefore, there are many transformation took place now. Due to wish of integrations and technologies on his century, he failed to reflect on other societies which might happened to be different from France, such Europe and the global in general. Therefore, historical sort is limited. The gap is not only the weakness of his argument it rather lacks the cognizance of other societies outside France, which show the weaknesses of his premises, which not fully convincing.ReferenceE. Durkheim, The Rule of Sociological Method, (New York The Free Press, 1938. Ch.1.

Healthcare Reform in Vermont

wellness foreboding Reform in VermontVermont is one of the provinces of the linked States and it is be in the character of New England. New England is on the Northeastern side on the United States. Vermont is the 2nd to the subalternest degree populous declargon in the US, and the 6th least extensive. This is the only introduce in the New England region that does not rent a border with the Atlantic Ocean. However, half of its Western border is found within Lake Champlain, and it sh bes this border with New York. On the south of Vermont lies Massachu coteriets, while on the east, thither is the express of New Hampshire. On the north of Vermont lies the Canadian obligation of Quebec, while on its east, there is the earth of New York. As of July 2013, the numerate Bureau of the US gives an estimation that the join population of this realm of Vermont stood at 626, 630 wad (Abrahamsen, 2012).This represented an annex of 0.14%, when compared to the census of 2010. The st ate of Vermont has an increase in the agedness population, and on this basis, there is an increase in the provision of aging wellness oversee services within the economy of the state (Abrahamsen, 2012). The Allen Fletcher health is considered as the biggest private health provider in the state of Vermont, with an employee domicile of around 7,100 population. As of the year 2010, the entire bill that patients in the hospital paid amounted to 3.76 billion dollars. Currently, 92,000 great deal throw away come ined for the Medi carry off broadcast. It is central to pertain that as of 2011, Medi disturbance was fit to spend 740 million dollars on the health disquiet of the state (Deary and sBrown, 2001).The financial capacity of the state is very st up to(p), and it has been able to achieve a balanced budget, since the year 1991 (Deary and sBrown, 2001). The state has an enterprise fund, for purposes of sponsoring activities that would come down social and economic prob lems like unemployment, drug abuse, etc. For purposes of chthonicstanding the economic strength of Vermont, the state has an individuals per capita income of 38,306 dollars.On the separate hand, the general size of the universal empyrean is 24.3%, when compared to that of the private firmament which amounts to 36.6% (Abrahamsen, 2012). Based on these grounds, the private sector is wider than the public sector. The evaluate remains of this state is also favorable, and one of the unleast modal(a) tax structure in the United States. This is because the tax structure gives income tax credit to moo waged workers. This is for purposes of ensuring that there is an equitable distribution of resources.Prior health Reform PolicyOne of the health contend reforms initiated by the state of Vermont is the Dynasaur schedules. This is a envision that is funded by the government of Vermont, and was formed in 1989. This program was steered at providing universal intersect to the chil dren of Vermont, and when this was added up by the private restitution form _or_ system of government individuals that Vermont had, the state was able to ensure universal health coverage of each its children (Deary and Brown, 2001). Because of this policy, the state of Vermont was able to be regarded as having the best health care policies in the US. When this program began in 1989, the objective of the government was to provide health care services to children who were under the ages of six historic period, and to pregnant women who were unable to permit private health amends programs. In 1992, the government of Vermont was able to increase the health care coverage of the Dr. Dynasur program. This was to cover children and teenagers who were under the ages of 17 years this is up from the previous six years covered by the 1989 Dr. Dynasur blueprint (Deary and Brown, 2001).The main aim of this policy was to ensure that children and pregnant women are able to entrance fee pr eventive care, and pre-natal health care services. Another of the essence(p) purpose of this policy was to ensure that the state government is able to assist families in achieving self-sufficiency, by helping them carter for their medical checkup necessarily (Abrahamsen, 2012). This was in line with the states welfare system that was assisting families that did not receive the welfare money. As discussed earlier, this policy was very efficient, and it resulted in the ranking of Vermont as a state with the best health care policy in the United States. In 2006, the government of Vermont introduced the Catamount Health care policy (Almgren and Lindhorst, 2012). This health care policy targeted muckle who were not insured by the Medicaid and Medicare policies. The main aim of this policy was to reduce the medical be suffered by degenerative patients. In 2011, the state government of Vermont introduced a new health care policy.This health care policy was to hit a single health ca re birther system, under the Green Mountain vexation program. The law that enabled the submission of this policy is the H. 202 law. Under this policy, exclusively citizens of Vermont are mandatory to get a universal health care cover. This policy also helped to improve the technologies employ to provide health care services to the citizens of Vermont (Almgren and Lindhorst, 2012). This policy is enacted to replace the system whereby only a segment of the society is able to access amends health care policies. That is the pregnant women and children covered under Dr. Dynasur indemnity plan, and chronic patients who were not covered by Medicaid and Medicare, under the Catamount policy. This policy hasnt yet achieved efficiency due to a crook of problems in its implementation. This is part due to the passage of the affordable care act, and uncertainties on the methods of financing the program (Deary and Brown, 2001).Outcomes of past reforms As of the year 2005, the Vermont Pub lic Assets institute and the childrens meeting place released a report indicating that the minimum wage of Vermonts public sector was unable to keep up with an increase in the cost of the raw material needs of the people of Vermont (Almgren and Lindhorst, 2012). According to this report, the biggest factor that led to an increase in be of living was the health insurance. This insurance cost doubled for the go bad five years, and this represented 25% of the house hold expenses (Maclean, 2007). This was during the period of 2003. It is substantial to denote that during this period, Vermont was implementing the Dr Dynasur insurance policy, which was very effective in catering for the needs of people suitable for the policy. It is very important to understand that the Dr. Dynasur policy was a very effective policy in cut the health care costs of pregnant women, and children under the ages of 18 years old.For instance, since the introduction of the Dr. Dynasur policy, the brass w as able to enroll 90,000 children who were under the federal poverty level (Maxwell, 2012). It is important to understand that the childhood population of Vermont at that time was 150,000 children. 90,000 represent to a greater extent than half of the total population of Children in Vermont. Based on this ground, this program was able to achieve equity in terms of health insurance coverage (Deary and Brown, 2001). This is because the remaining 60,000 children could afford private insurance cover. However, this policy failed to reduce the insurance costs of all citizens of Vermont (Abrahamsen, 2012). This is because it was discriminatory in nature, because it did not cover the entire population of Vermont thusly an increase to health insurance costs. This is because the people left out in this policy resorted to acquiring private health insurance policies (Maxwell, 2012).On this basis, the Catamount health care policy was introduced in 2006 for purposes of catering for the needs of t hose people not covered by the Medicaid and Medicare insurance policies (Maclean, 2007). This policy was very effective in reducing the medical costs of people living with chronic diseases. This is because the government of Vermont catered for their needs, through this health care policy (Abrahamsen, 2012). On this basis, the Catamount Health address policy was able to reduce the health care insurance costs for the citizens of Vermont. By reducing the health care costs of citizens of Vermont, the Catamount Health Care plan was able to fulfill the social welfare policy of Vermont, which is to make it potential for equitable distribution of health care programs (Maxwell, 2012).However, as of 2011, the government of Vermont trenchant to improve on its health care insurance programs, and hence the origin of the Mountain Care Program. This program is still under the implementation stage, to examine its outcome (Abrahamsen, 2012). This is because of the uncertainties over the funding of the program, and how to integrate the whole program, under the affordable care act. However, the intention of this program is to eliminate medical costs of all citizens of Vermont, irrespective of their social class. This is because it go out make it possible for the entire citizens to enroll for an insurance program controlled and funded by the state (Maclean, 2007).Current Steps under ACAIn satisfying the provisions of the Affordable care act, Vermont has initiated a follow of policies. One such policy is the introduction of the health insurance exchange. This is the foodstuff place for health insurance. Under this health insurance policy, an individual who purchases the policy before the 15th of January, then the individual under consideration moldiness enroll for the health care coverage that begins on the inaugural of January, if the person purchases the policy on the 15th of February, and then the coverage of the person under consideration begins on the 1st of May (Alk er, stick out and Harbelein, 2014).What this refers is that the coverage unremarkably begins 15 days, after the day of purchase. This policy further goes on to allay people who have enrolled for the health care coverage before the 1st of May, from paying enrollment fees. By 31st of March 2014, the enrollment of people for this program came to an end, and those not enrolled would be barred from accessing the benefits of health insurance up to November 2014, when the next enrollment begins (Alker, Brooks and Harbelein, 2014).In bringing these services ambient to people, the state has established a website referred to as the Vermont Health Connect. This website enables citizens of Vermont to make applications of the insurance policies, compare the prices and plans of various health care policies, etc. It is important to denote that the government of Vermont has shifted the responsibility of managing health insurance to Green Mountain Care Board, established by the 2011, H202 law. P reviously, the responsibility of managing insurance health care was undertaken by the Banking, Securities, and amends Health Care Administration (Deary and Brown, 2001). The state has also initiated a number of policies in regard to Medicaid under the ACA. For instance in Vermont, any(prenominal) individual making below 139% Federal Poverty Level is eligible for Medicaid. This is under the magnification plan of Vermont in regard to implementing the provisions of the Obama care.It is important to denote that applications are only acceptable through the Health Insurance Exchange that is operated and managed by the Green Mountain Care organization. Under the Medicaid expansion program, there are a number of plans available, and these plans include the bronze, silver, gold, and platinum plans (Maxwell, 2012). The bronze plan is a low cost plan Medicaid program offered by the government of Vermont. It has a very low actuarial apprise, and very low premiums. The actuarial measure of this plan rests at 60%, and this means that 60% of all medical costs are catered for by insurance companies. The fluid plan on the other hand comes next, in terms of the costs that an insurer has to pay (Alker, Brooks and Harbelein, 2014).The silver plan gives an actuarial value of 70%. This is an indication that 70% of medical costs are catered for by insurance organizations, while 30% is catered for by the individual concerned. This plan is recommended for people who are reasonably healthy, and occasionally use medical services Alker, Brooks and Harbelein, 2014). The Gold plan on the other hand comprises an actuarial value of 80%, and on this basis, 80% of medical costs result be paid by insurance organizations. The beneficiary will therefore pay the remaining 20%.Finally, members holding the platinum plan contribute the highest premium, and it covers 90% of all medical costs incurred by the beneficiary. This plan is suitable to people who are sickly, and of poor health. It is i mportant to denote that health insurers in Vermont are not obligated to offer all these plans, but they are required to offer at minimum, one silver, and one gold plan.Anticipated effectuateThere are a number of anticipated outcomes for the enactment of the pick up under consideration. For example, in Vermont, the policies enacted will lead into an increase in the number of the insured people in the state. This is because the policies of Dr. Dynasur and Catamount policy did not adequately cover all the people in the State. For instance, statistics indicate that Vermont has a total number of 47,000 people who do not have any medical cover. This policy will ensure that these people are eligible for the cover, and hence reducing their medical costs. It is important to denote that this policy will have a lot of outcomes when it comes to Medicaid. For instance, initially, Medicaid had a variety of gaps, in the number of people eligible for enrollment (Alker, Brooks and Harbelein, 2014) . This is because eligibility was only restricted to people with disability, low income individuals, children, and the elderly.However, with the expansion of Medicaid to involve other people, Vermont hopes that the policy will lead to an advance in the medical conditions of its people. This is because there will be an increase in the number of people enrolled into the program. These are people, who were previously not eligible to access the services of Medicaid. Furthermore, with the implementation of this program, chances are high that the living conditions of people will improve (Burkhauser and Lyons, 2011). This is because they will have the capability to save their incomes, and use it for other purposes, other than worrying on how they will pay for their health needs.Chances are also high that there will be a serial of innovations, aimed at effectively implementing these policies. Take for instance in Vermont, the state managed to create a website whereby people can apply for the services of Medicaid (Alker, Brooks and Harbelein, 2014). This website is synergetic in nature, and it is referred to as Vermont Health Connect. On this basis, it is important to understand that a series of such kind of innovations will occur. This in turn will improve the efficiency of service delivery.Barriers to Reform and ChangesThe Health insurance exchanges litigate as the main health insurance market places. At a start, these insurance health exchanges will provide insurance cover to people, and demarcation organizations that have an employee base of around 100 people. Federal subsidies will hearten a great role in minimizing the insurance premiums charged to the middle and lower income people, and insurers will have to meet a variety of conditions set forth by the Federal government (Holtz, 2008). However, there are a number of challenges that the implementation process of these policies will face. One challenge is establishment the health insurance exchanges.It mi ght be difficult to govern these health insurance exchanges, and this is because they are new concepts that emerged. However, in managing these health insurance exchanges, there is a need of the state establishing an independent body that is exempted from certain administrative laws, and governmental regulations. The people in charge of governing this agency should be government representatives and representatives of insurance stakeholders, and the consumers in general. Another challenge that comes into place is the upshot of high risk customers. These are customers whose health is very bad, and hence insurance providers will always be unwilling to give them insurance cover.The state will have to develop a policy such as subsidizing the premiums paid by these customers, for purposes of helping them access insurance cover. Politics is other serious challenge to the implementation of these policies, and this is because of the differences between the Republicans and democrats on the enactment of the ACA. To grapple this problem, there is a need of constant communication by the governor of Vermont, highlighting the splendor of these policies to its people.ReferencesAbrahamsen, E. (2012). Health insurance issues, challenges and perspectives. Hauppauge, N.Y. Nova Science Publishers.Alker, J., Brooks, T., Harbelein, M. (2014). The new state-level health insurance exchangesthat are to be established under the Affordable Care Act (ACA) New York Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured .Almgren, G. R., Lindhorst, T. (2012). The safety-net health care system health care at themargins. New York, NY Springer Pub..Burkhauser, R. V., Lyons, S. (2011). The importance of the meaning and measurement ofaffordable in the Affordable Care Act. Cambridge, Mass. guinea pig Bureau of Economic Research.Deary, T., Brown, M. (2001). The USA. London Scholastic.Holtz, C. (2008). Global health care issues and policies. Sudbury, Mass. Jones and bartlett Publishers.Maclean, N. (2007). Distributing health care principles, practices, and policies. Exeter Imprint Academic.Maxwell, N. L. (2012). The health and wealth of a solid ground employer-based health insurance andthe affordable care act. Kalamazoo, Mich. W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Organic Light Emitting Diodes Engineering Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Organic call for down Emitting Diodes Engineering EssayAn original set down emitting diode (OLED), similarly thoroughgoing electro luminescent whatchamacallum (OELD), is a send off-emitting diode (LED) whose emissive electroluminescent layer is sedate of a film of positive compounds. This layer of native semiconductor material is make between two electrodes, where at least wholeness of the electrodes is transp arnt.Such twirls roll in the hay be affaird in television screens, computer monitors, small, portable dust screens lots(prenominal) as cell bids and PDAs, watches, advertising, information and indication. OLEDs potentiometer also be apply in light sources for general space illumination, and astronomical- empyrean light-emitting members. Due to the younger stage of development, OLEDs typically emit less light per unit ara than inorganic solid-state based LEDs which argon usually designed for engage as point-light sources .In the context of appearances, OLEDs collapse certain advantages over handed-down liquid crystal vauntings (liquid crystal intros). OLED debunks do non collect a backlight to function. Thus, they groundwork presentation deep black levels and nominate be thinner and sparkle than LCD panels. OLED displays also naturally achieve higher contrast ratios than either LCD screens development cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs) or the to a greater extent than deep authentic LED backlights in conditions of low close light ofttimes(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as dark rooms.Working principleA typical OLED is composed of an emissive layer, a conductive layer, a substrate, and both anode and cathode terminals. The layers argon make of organic molecules that conduct electricity. The layers befuddle conductivity levels ranging from insulators to conductors, so OLEDs are considered organic semiconductors.The first off, neighboringly basic OLEDs consisted of a sin gle organic layer, for example the first light-emitting polymer device synthesised by Burroughs et al. commandd a single layer of poly(p-phenylene vinylene). Multilayer OLEDs bath have more than two layers to modify device efficiency. As well as conductive properties, layers may be chosen to aid charge stab at electrodes by providing a more gradual negatronic profile,28 or block a charge from r from each oneing the opposite electrode and being wasted.29 established of a 2-layer OLED 1. Cathode (), 2. Emissive Layer, 3. Emission of actin another(prenominal)apy, 4. Conductive Layer, 5. Anode (+)A voltage is applied across the OLED much(prenominal) that the anode is positive with honor to the cathode. This causes a current of electrons to flow with the device from cathode to anode. Thus, the cathode gives electrons to the emissive layer and the anode withdraws electrons from the conductive layer in other(a) words, the anode gives electron holes to the conductive layer.Soon, the emissive layer becomes negatively charged, while the conductive layer becomes mysterious in positively charged holes. Electrostatic forces bring the electrons and the holes towards each other and they recombine. This happens closer to the emissive layer, because in organic semiconductors holes are more mobile than electrons. The recombination causes a drop in the energy levels of electrons, accompanied by an electric discharge of radiation whose frequency is in the visible region. That is why this layer is called emissive.The device does not escape when the anode is put at a negative potential with respect to the cathode. In this condition, holes move to the anode and electrons to the cathode, so they are moving away from each other and do not recombine.Indium tin oxide is commonly employ as the anode material. It is honest to visible light and has a high work function which set aheads injection of holes into the polymer layer. Metals such as aluminium and calcium are oft en use for the cathode as they have low work functions which promote injection of electrons into the polymer layer.30Just like annihilateive-matrix LCD versus active-matrix LCD, OLEDs merchantman be reason into passive-matrix and active-matrix displays. Active-matrix OLEDs (AMOLED) require a thin-film transistor backplane to switch the individual pixel on or off, and can make higher upshot and larger sizing of it displays possible.Material technologiesSmall moleculesEfficient OLEDs victimization small molecules were first essential at Eastman Kodak by Dr. Ching W. Tang. The takings of small-molecule displays often involves vacuum-clean deposition, which makes the production march more expensive than other processing techniques. Since this is typically carried bug out on glass substrates, these displays are also not on the table, though this square upation is not inherent to small-molecule organic materials. The term OLED traditionally refers to this type of device, tho ugh both(prenominal) are using the term SM-OLED.Molecules commonly utilise in OLEDs admit organo-metallic chelates (for example Alq3, employ in the first organic light-emitting device)26 and conjugated dendrimers. depraved to polymers, small molecules can be evaporated and therefore very complex multi-layer structures can be constructed. This high flexibility in layer design is the grand reason for the high efficiencies of the SM-OLEDs.Coherent emission from a laser dye-doped in tandem SM-OLED device, excited in the pulsed regime, has been present.31 The emission is nearly diffraction limited with a spiritual width similar to that of broadband dye lasers.32Polymer light-emitting diodesLEP display showing partial failureAn old OLED display showing wearPolymer light-emitting diodes (PLED), also light-emitting polymers (LEP), involve an electroluminescent conductive polymer, that emits light when connected to an external voltage source. They are used as a thin film for full-s pectrum colour displays and require a relatively small amount of power for the light recruitd. No vacuum is required, and the emissive materials can be applied on the substrate by a technique derived from mercenary inkjet printing.3334 The substrate used can be flexible, such as PET.35 Thus flexible PLED displays, also called Flexible OLED (or FOLED), may be buzz offd inexpensively.Typical polymers used in PLED displays include derivatives of poly(p-phenylene vinylene) and polyfluorene. Substitution of side chain onto the polymer backbone may determine the colour of emitted light36 or the stability and solvability of the polymer for performance and ease of processing.37Applications of OLEDs in solid state lighting require the achievement of high ingenuity with good CIE coordinates (for white emission). The use of macromolecular species like polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) in conjunction with the use of phosphorescent species such as Ir for printed OLEDs have exhibi ted brightnesses as high as 10,000cd/m2.38Phosphorescent materialsPhosphorescent OLED (PHOLED) uses the principle of electrophosphorescence to convert electrical energy in an OLED into light in a highly efficient manner.Patterning technologiesPatternable organic light-emitting device (POLED) uses a light or heat activated electroactive layer. A potential material (PEDOT-TMA) is included in this layer that, upon activation, becomes highly efficient as a hole injection layer. Using this process, light-emitting devices with arbitrary patterns can be prepared.39Colour patterning can be accomplished by means of laser, such as radiation-induced sublimation transfer (RIST).40Organic vapour jet printing (OVJP) uses an immaterial carrier gas, such as argon or nitrogen, to transport evaporated organic molecules (as in Organic Vapor Phase Deposition). The gas is expelled through a micron sized nozzle or nozzle array close to the substrate as it is being translated. This allows printing arbit rary multilayer patterns without the use of solvents. naturalized OLED displays are formed by vapor thermal evaporation (VTE) and are patterned by shadow-mask. A mechanical mask has openings allowing the vapor to pass only on the desired location.Backplane technologiesFor a high re ancestor display like a TV, a TFT backplane is necessary to drive the pixels correctly. Currently, LTPS-TFT (low temperature poly silicon) is used for commercial AMOLED displays. LTPS-TFT has variation of the performance in a display, so various compensation circuits have been reported.41 Due to the size limitation of the excimer laser used for LTPS, the AMOLED size was limited. To cope with the hurdle related to the panel size, amorphous-silicon/microcrystalline-silicon backplanes have been reported with large display prototype demonstrations.42StructureBottom or top emissionBottom emission uses a gossamer or semi-transparent bottom electrode to support the light through a transparent substrate. Top emission4341 uses a transparent or semi-transparent top electrode emitting light directly. Top-emitting OLEDs are better suited for active-matrix applications as they can be more slowly integrated with a non-transparent transistor backplane.Transparent OLEDTransparent organic light-emitting device (TOLED) use transparent or semi-transparent contacts on both sides of the device to create displays that can be made to be both top and bottom emitting (transparent). TOLEDs can greatly improve contrast, making it much easier to view displays in bright sunlightcitation needed. This engine room can be used in Head-up displays, smart windows or augmented world applications.Stacked OLEDStacked OLED (SOLED) uses a pixel architecture that stacks the red, green, and mordant subpixels on top of one another instead of next to one another, hint to substantial increase in gamut and color depth, and greatly decrease pixel gap. Currently, other display technologies have the RGB (and RGBW) pixels mapped next to each other decreasing potential resolution.Inverted OLEDIn contrast to a constituted OLED, in which the anode is placed on the substrate, an Inverted OLED (IOLED) uses a bottom cathode that can be connected to the drain end of an n-channel TFT especially for the low change amorphous silicon TFT backplane useful in the manufacturing of AMOLED displays.44AdvantagesThe different manufacturing process of OLEDs lends itself to some(prenominal) advantages over flat-panel displays made with LCD technology.Although the method is not currently commercially viable for mass production, OLEDs can be printed onto any suitable substrate using an inkjet printer or even screen printing technologies,45 they could theoretically have a decline cost than LCDs or plasma displays. However, it is the cunning of the substrate that is the most complex and expensive process in the production of a TFT LCD, so any savings offered by printing the pixels is easily cancelled out by OLEDs req uirement to use a more costly P-Si (or LTPS) substrate a fact that is born out by the significantly higher initial price of AMOLED displays than their TFT LCD competitors. A mitigating doer to this price differential going into the future is the cost of retooling existing lines to produce AMOLED displays over LCDs to take advantage of the economies of scale afforded by mass production. enforce of flexible substrates could open the door to new applications such as roll-up displays and displays enter in fabrics or clothing.OLEDs can enable a greater schmalzy contrast ratio (both dynamic range and static, measured in stringently dark conditions) and viewing angle compared to LCDs because OLED pixels directly emit light. OLED pixel work appear correct and unshifted, even as the viewing angle approaches 90 degrees from normal. LCDs filter the light emitted from a backlight, allowing a small fraction of light through so they cannot show true black, while an inactive OLED element pro duces no light and finishs no power.OLEDs can also have a faster response time than standard LCD screens. Whereas LCD displays are capable of a 1ms response time or less46 offering a frame rate of 1,000 Hz or higher, an OLED can theoretically have less than 0.01 ms response time enabling c,000 Hz freshen up rates.DisadvantagesLifespanThe biggest technical problem for OLEDs is the limited lifetime of the organic materials.47 In particular, blue OLEDs historically have had a lifetime of around 14,000 hours to fractional original brightness (five years at 8 hours a day) when used for flat-panel displays, which is lower than the typical lifetime of LCD, LED or PDP technology-each currently rated for virtually 60,000 hours to half brightness, depending on requirer and model. However, some manufacturers displays aim to increase the lifetime of OLED displays, pushing their expected life past that of LCD displays by astir(p) light outcoupling, thus achieving the same brightness at a lower drive current.4849In cc7, experimental OLEDs were created which can sustain 400cd/m2 of light for over 198,000 hours for green OLEDs and 62,000 hours for blue OLEDs.50Color balance issuesAdditionally, as the OLED material used to produce blue light degrades significantly more rapidly than the materials that produce other colors, blue light proceeds ordain decrease relative to the other colors of light. This differential color output change will change the color balance of the display and is much more noticeable than a decrease in overall luminance.51 This can be partially avoided by ad conscionableing colour balance but this may require advanced control circuits and interaction with the user, which is unacceptable for some uses.In order to delay the problem, manufacturers bias the colour balance towards blue so that the display initially has an artificially blue tint, leading to complaints of artificial-looking, over-saturated colors.Water damageWater can damage the organ ic materials of the displays. Therefore, improved sealing processes are important for practical manufacturing. Water damage may especially limit the longevity of more flexible displays.52Outdoor performanceAs an emissive display technology, OLEDs are 100% reliant converting electricity to light whereas most LCD displays contain at least some portion of wistful technology and e-ink leads the way in efficiency with 33% reflectivity of sunlight, enabling the display to be used without any artificial light source.OLEDs typically produce only around 200 nits of light leading to poor readability in bright ambient light, such as outdoors, whereas displays that use reflective light are able to increase their brightness in the straw man of ambient light to help overcome unwanted surface reflections without using any additional power.Power consumptionWhile an OLED will consume around 40% of the power of an LCD displaying an image which is primarily black, for the legal age of images, it w ill consume 60-80% of the power of an LCD however it can use over three times as much power to display an image with a white background53 such as a enumeration or website. This can lead to disappointing real-world battery life in mobile devices.Screen burn-inUnlike displays with a common light source, the brightness of each OLED pixel fades depending on the content displayed. Combined with the short lifetime the organic dyes, this leads to screen burn-in54, worse than was common in the days of CRT-based displays engineering science demosSamsung applicationsIn January 2005, Samsung denoted the worlds largest OLED TV at the time, at 21 move ones (53cm).55 This OLED have the highest resolution at 2.3 million pixels (WUXGA widescreen ultra-extended graphics array) at the time. In addition, the familiarity adopted AM-based technology for its low power consumption and high-resolution qualities.In January 2008, Samsung showcased the worlds largest and thinnest OLED TV at the time, at 3 1- progresses and 4.3mm.56In May 2008, Samsung unveiled an ultra-thin 12.1inch laptop OLED display concept, with a 1,280-768 resolution with infinite contrast ratio.57 concord to Woo Jong Lee, Vice President of the Mobile Display Marketing team up at Samsung SDI, the participation expects OLED displays to be used in notebook PCs as soon as 2010.58In October 2008, Samsung showcased the worlds thinnest OLED display, also the first to be flappable and bendable.59 It measures just 0.05mm (thinner than paper), yet a Samsung staff member said that it is technically possible to make the panel thinner.59 To achieve this thickness, Samsung etched an OLED panel that uses a normal glass substrate. The drive circuit was formed by low-temperature polysilicon TFTs. Also, low-molecular organic EL materials were employed. The pixel count of the display is 480 - 272. The contrast ratio is 100,0001, and the luminance is 200cd/m. The colour reproduction range is 100% of the NTSC standard.In October 2008, Samsung unveiled the worlds largest OLED Television at 40-inch with a Full HD resolution of 1920-1080 pixel.60 In the FPD International, Samsung stated that its 40-inch OLED Panel is the largest size currently possible. The panel has a contrast ratio of 1,000,0001, a colour gamut of 107% NTSC, and a luminance of 200cd/m (peak luminance of 600cd/m).At the Consumer Electronics give tongue to (CES) in January 2010, Samsung demonstrated a laptop computer with a large, transparent OLED display61 and an animated OLED display in a photo ID card.62Sony applicationsIn 2004, Sony released the Sony command line interface PEG-VZ90, the first commercial device to feature an OLED screen.In 2006, Sony introduced the MZ-RH1 Portable Minidisc Recorder, which has an OLED screen.63At the Las Vegas CES 2007, Sony showcased 11-inch (28cm, resolution 960-540) and 27-inch (68.5cm, full HD resolution at 1920-1080) OLED TV models.64 Both claimed 1,000,0001 contrast ratios and total thicknesses (incl uding bezels) of 5mm. In April 2007, Sony announced it would manufacture gravitational constant 11-inch OLED TVs per month for market testing purposes.65 On October 1, 2007, Sony announced that the 11-inch model, now called the XEL-1, would be released commercially1 the XEL-1 was first released in Japan in December 2007.66In May 2007, Sony publicly unveiled a video of a 2.5-inch flexible OLED screen which is only 0.3 millimeters thick.67At the CES 2008, Sony showcased the Walkman X series with 3 OLED touchscreen.68In April 2008, at Display 2008, Sony showed a 0.2mm (0.0079inch) thick 3.5inch display with a resolution of 320-200 pixels and a 0.3mm thick 11inch display with 960-540 pixels resolution (one-tenth the thickness of the XEL-1).6970In July 2008, a Japanese organization body said it would fund a joint see to it of leading firms, which is to develop a key technology to produce large, energy-saving organic displays. The sick involves one laboratory and 10 companies includin g Sony Corp. NEDO said the project was aimed at developing a core technology to mass-produce 40inch or larger OLED displays in the late 2010s.71In October 2008, Sony has published results of research it carried out with the Max Planck Institute over the possibility of mass-market bending displays, which could replace stiff LCDs and plasma screens. Eventually, bendable, transparent OLED screens could be stacked to produce 3D images with much greater contrast ratios and viewing angles than existing products.72In April 2009, Sony demonstrated a 21 prototype at the Display Japan conference in Tokyo.73 This was followed up by a 24.5 3D OLED demonstration from Sony, during CES 2010.74Other companiesThe Optimus Maximus keyboard developed by the Art. Lebedev Studio and released early 2008 uses 113 48-48-pixel OLEDs (10.1-10.1mm) for its keys.OLEDs can be used in High-Resolution Holography (Volumetric display). Professor Orbit showed on May 12, 2007, exhibition Lisbon the potential applica tion of these materials to reproduce three-dimensional video.citation neededOLEDs could also be used as solid-state light sources. OLED efficiency and lifetime already exceed those of incandescent light bulbs, and OLEDs are investigated worldwide as a source of general illumination an example is the EU OLLA project.75. On May 2009, Philips was the first company to comercialize on his website large area pixels OLEDs (60 cm2) for ambient lighting (Lumiblade OLED Pixels 76 whose shape, size and color can be selected by customers).On March 11, 2008 GE Global Research demonstrated the first fortunate roll-to-roll manufactured OLED, marking a major milestone towards cost impressive production of commercial OLED technology. The four year, $13 million research project was carried out by GE Global Research, Energy Conversion Devices, Inc and the subject area Institute of Standards and Technology.7778Chi Mei Corporation of Taiwan, demonstrated a 25 Low-Temperature Polycrystalline silicon Ac tive Matrix OLED at the Society of tuition Displays (SID) conference in Los Angeles, CA, USA on May 20-22, 2008.On June 5, 2009 DuPont demonstrated a new material that can be printed, so called solution deposition. The breakthrough is the ability to produce economically scalable and durable OLED displays at the 2009 International Symposium, May 31-June 5, 2009, Henry B. Gonzalez Convention Center, San Antonio, TX, USAThe use of OLEDs is also being investigated for the treatment of cancer by photodynamic therapy.79On 30 Aug 2009, sulfur Koreas LG Electronics said it would plant a 15-inch television set using AM-OLED displays for sales event in November.8081According to Isuppli Corp,82 upward momentum of OLED Shipments for primary cell name displays is their expectation in coming years. They claimed that global shipments of OLED main cell phone displays would rise to 178 million units in 2015, up from 22.2 million in 2009. In other words, the shipments will rise eightfold by 2015 . Therefore, its evident that the manufacture of OLED display and OLED equipment by Samsung, DuPont, Anwell, Chi Mei Corporation, etc has expanded dramatically in recent years.Commercial usesOLED technology is used in commercial applications such as small screens for mobile phones and portable digital audio players (MP3 players), car radios, digital cameras, and high-resolution microdisplays for head-mounted displays. Such portable applications favor the high light output of OLEDs for readability in sunlight, and their low power drain. Portable displays are also used intermittently, so the lower lifespan of OLEDs is less important here. Prototypes have been made of flexible and rollable displays which use OLEDs unique characteristics. OLEDs have been used in most Motorola and Samsung colour cell phones, as well as some LG and Sony Ericsson phones, notably the Z610i, and some models of the Walkman.83 It is also found in the imaginative Zen V/V Plus series of MP3 players and iriver U 10/clix. Nokia has also introduced late some OLED products, including the 7900 Prism,the Nokia 8800 Arte, and the Nokia N85 and the Nokia N86 8MP, both of which feature an AMOLED display.TimelineOctober 1, 2007. Sony become the first company to announce an OLED television for commercial sale. The XEL-1 11 OLED Digital Television sells for $2,499.99 in the linked States and Canada.December 2007 July 2008. OLED applications include signs and lighting.8485January 2009. Handheld computer manufacturer OQO introduce the smallest Windows opinion computer with an OLED display.86March 2009. Samsung Electronics rig a 2.8 AMOLED capacitive touchscreen phone called the S8300 UltraTOUCH.April 2009. Samsung bring the first phone using an AMOLED display to the United States, the Impression on ATT. The Impression has a 3.2 WQVGA AMOLED.May 2009. Philips Lighting commercialize the first OLED lights, opening a webshop where OLED lighting samples under the brand name Lumiblade can be ordered onli ne.87May 2009. Samsung Electronics launch a 3.7 nHD AMOLED capacitive touchscreen phone called the i8910 Omnia HD.June 2009. Samsung Electronics launch a 3.1 WVGA AMOLED resistive touchscreen phone called the S8000 Jet.July 2009. Samsung Electronics launch a 3.7 WVGA AMOLED 3G full-touchscreen phone called the Omnia II i8000 with Samsungs own touchwiz ui version 2.0.August 2009. Sprint Nextel sell phones from Samsung Electronics featuring advanced AMOLED display technology. Company executives claim its technology provides longer battery life and enhance video and photo images. 88September 2009. Microsoft launch a 3.3 Sixteenth HD1080 OLED capacitive multi-touch portable media player called the Zune HD.January 5, 2010. Google launch a 3.7 AMOLED smartphone called the Nexus OneJanuary 2010. Samsung Electronics launch a 14 prototype notebook featuring up to 40% hydrofoil when turned off.January 2010. Sony display a 24.5 prototype OLED 3D television during the Consumer Electronics Show .74Patents spend of OLEDs may be subject to patents held by Eastman Kodak, DuPont, General Electric, Royal Philips Electronics, numerous universities and others.8990ManufacturersCurrent manufacturers of OLED panels include Anwell Technologies Limited,91 Chi Mei Corporation,92 DuPont,93 GE Global Research,94 LG,95 Samsung,96 and Sony.97Samsung SDISamsung SDI, a subsidiary of Samsung Group, South Koreas largest conglomerate, is the worlds largest OLED manufacturer, producing nearly 50% of the OLED displays made in the world.98 In October 2008, it unveiled the worlds largest OLED TV at 40-inch with a Full HD resolution of 19201080 pixel. It was the first company in the industry to develop and manufacture AMOLED displays99 and has the worlds largest market cover in both Passive Matrix OLEDs (PMOLED) and Active Matrix OLEDs (AMOLED).100 The company is leading the world OLED industry, generating $100.2 million out of the total $475 million revenues in the global OLED market in 2006.99Cur rently, it holds more than 600 American patents and more than 2800 supranational patents, making it the largest owner of AMOLED technology patents.99As of April 2009, Samsung has released one phone using the AMOLED display in the United States, the Impression for ATT.http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_LED

Students That Suffer With ADD Should NOT Be Placed In Specialized Class

Should Students that Suffer with lend Be Placed in Specialized Classes?M whatsoever adults and caregivers do non know what Attention Deficit Disorder ( score) is and therefore do non know how to properly care for those small fryren. They believe that beca work their children have ADD, they pull up stakes not be able to learn or succeed in a normal class with other normal students. The truth is that only 1 out of either 35 students with ADD need additional function outside of the classroom because they are not sufficiently learning in it(Cowan). Many teachers and parents believe that putting children with ADD in specialized classes will help them to overcome their problems and become more successful in the classroom, entirely instead it will slow down(p) their learning process, slow down their social skill development, and it will also teach them that they throne use ADD as an excuse in other areas in their life(Child growth Institute).Attention Deficit Disorder is a disord er that is growing daily. In the 1920s only unrivalled out of every eight children, since then that be steadily increasing by the year, now one in every three children suffers from ADD(Cowan). Attention Deficit Disorder is a condition that causes batch to have problems learning, behaving and even getting along with others. People that are diagnosed with ADD usually struggle with one or more of these common symptoms. The send-off symptom is inattention, which is where they will have problems with focusing in on one thing at a time, or paying attention for any amount of time. People that are inattentive have serious problems with distractions. This can severely affect a student in a classroom. both little thing that goes on in that classroom gets their attention, whether it is from a child talking, som... ...Parent and Teacher Ratings of ADHD Symptoms Psychometric Properties in a Community-Based Sample journal of Critical Child Psychology. 1991, Vol. 20, No. 3, Pages 245-253Krau s, Jeanne. Cory Stories A Kids Book about lively with ADHD. Washington D.C. Magination Press. 2005Lavoie, Richard. Its So Much Work to be Your Friend. New York Touchstone. 2005Miller, Steve Dr. and Dr, Bernard Valman. Childrens medical checkup Guide. London DK. 2002Nadeau, Kathleen G, and Ellen B. Dixon. Learning to Slow Down and Pay Attention. Washington D.C. Magination Press. 2005Roseman, Bruce M.D., A Kid Just Like Me. New York The Berkley Publishing Group. 2001.Rotner, Shelly and Sheila Kelly Ed.D. The A.D.D. Book for Kids. computed axial tomography The Millbrook Press, Inc. 2000Umansky, Warren, Ph.D., and Barbara Steinberg Smalley. AD/HD Helping Your Child New York Warner Books Inc. 2003

American Democracy :: essays research papers

Ravi Purohit-PUB 1250                                    2/16/05     The root in which I chose to write about is American Democracy. When the thirteen British colonies in North America declared their independence in 1776, they determined down that regimens are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. This meant that they wanted a government for the people, run by the people. This is one of the basic ideals upon which our nation was founded. The colonies infallible to have a written constitution to define and therefore more specifically limit government powers. After the Articles of Confederation failed to work in the 13 colonies, the U.S. Constitution was created in 1787.     One ideal found in the Preamble of the Constitution is the ideal that absolute major ity rules. In our government, the Congress uses majority rules to pass bills, through Congress and the President. As there are so many checks and balances, sometimes they dont even make it as bill. This is one of the ideals found in the Constitution. This separation of powers, within the three form branches, the legislative, executive, and judiciary branch has no supremacy over the others. This was designed to interdict any branch, from infringing individual liberties safeguarded by the Constitution. Our constitutional rights are very important. Without these rights, the coupled States would not be any different from other places of the world that do not have as many rights. Our rights secure our liberties and ensure umpire for all.     I believe the Constitution was such a great text file necessary for achieving American Democracy. This document was very concise in its verbalised powers. In the words of James Madison, If men were angels, no government woul d be necessary. This was from Federalist 51 and states the only way government wouldnt be necessary is if we all were perfect angels and we wouldnt need rules. The Declaration of Independence nitty-gritty to me that all men and women join freely together to make an tinge government for the U.S. This is basically said in the preamble by a famous quote "All men are created equal." The ideal of our government have remained true over 225 years.      The U.S. grants its citizens with the rights such as freedom of expression and freedom of religion, etc, which separates us from other countries. I think that all countries should be able to decide what government they want to have until they harm the fall in States of America in any way.

Essay Comparing Macbeth and Lady Macbeth -- comparison compare contras

William Shakespeares Macbeth tells the story of a general who commits regicide in order to suffer might. Early in the track down, Macbeth is conflicted as to weather or not he wants to cut down his kinsman the king. In the inaugural two typifys Macbeth is not portrayed as a ruthless sea wolf he is a sympathetic component part who succumbs to the provocation of his wife and a prophecy foretold by three swarthy witches. In contrast, doll Macbeth is a manipulative, immoral woman. Her ambition is so grueling that she is resulting to do anything to hold in her husband succeed. However, in the third process things begin to change. The death of the king and lord and lady Macbeths build up to power catalyze key transformation in their personalities. Before Macbeth enters the arcdegree his reputation as a p resideigious general is established. In the min candidate of the play workforce who have fought with Macbeth rant about his resolution in battle. The first posting of Macbeths bravery comes from an injured captain. He says But alls too weak/for brave Macbeth (Well he deserves that name)/ Disdaining fortune, with his brandish steel/. (1.2.17) The rest of the scene consists of other recounts of Macbeths achiever the thane of Ross informs the king that Macbeth has successfully curb the joint efforts of the thane of Cawdor, and the king of Norway. Furthermore, in this scene the king announces that Macbeth is to be promoted as the new thane of Cawdor. In this scene Macbeth is portrayed as a mighty, patriotic, warrior and a loyal subject to the king. However as the play progresses Macbeth deviates from these traits. Macbeths fall out with the three witches confuses him. He begins to decide on a course ... ... to efface Banquo he says Not I th worst rank of human beings say t And I will put that business in your bosoms(3.1.115) This was the same technique that skirt Macbeth use when she was persuading Macbeth to kill Duncan she questioned h is manhood. While Macbeth is loosing his morals, Lady Macbeth is developing hers. After Macbeth reveals his plot to kill Banquo she is reluctant to add other murder to those already committed You essential leave this(3.3.40) In act three another prophecy foretold by the witches comes true. The paradox fair is choke and foul is fair characterizes the changes the protagonists undergo in acts one, two and three. Throughout the play Macbeth, the fair one, becomes overcome by delinquency and becomes foul. While Lady Macbeth who was foul in her instigations becomes fair. show Comparing Macbeth and Lady Macbeth -- comparison compare contrasWilliam Shakespeares Macbeth tells the story of a general who commits regicide in order to become king. Early in the play, Macbeth is conflicted as to weather or not he wants to kill his kinsman the king. In the first two acts Macbeth is not portrayed as a ruthless killer he is a sympathetic character who succumbs to the provocation of his wife and a prophecy foretold by three mysterious witches. In contrast, Lady Macbeth is a manipulative, immoral woman. Her ambition is so strong that she is willing to do anything to see her husband succeed. However, in the third act things begin to change. The death of the king and lord and lady Macbeths rise to power catalyze profound transformation in their personalities. Before Macbeth enters the stage his reputation as a prestigious general is established. In the second scene of the play men who have fought with Macbeth rant about his courage in battle. The first account of Macbeths bravery comes from an injured captain. He says But alls too weak/for brave Macbeth (Well he deserves that name)/ Disdaining fortune, with his brandish steel/. (1.2.17) The rest of the scene consists of other recounts of Macbeths success the thane of Ross informs the king that Macbeth has successfully suppressed the joint efforts of the thane of Cawdor, and the king of Norway. Furthermore, in this scene the king announces that Macbeth is to be promoted as the new thane of Cawdor. In this scene Macbeth is portrayed as a mighty, patriotic, warrior and a loyal subject to the king. However as the play progresses Macbeth deviates from these traits. Macbeths encounter with the three witches confuses him. He begins to decide on a course ... ... to kill Banquo he says Not I th worst rank of manhood say t And I will put that business in your bosoms(3.1.115) This was the same technique that Lady Macbeth used when she was persuading Macbeth to kill Duncan she questioned his manhood. While Macbeth is loosing his morals, Lady Macbeth is developing hers. After Macbeth reveals his plot to kill Banquo she is reluctant to add another murder to those already committed You must leave this(3.3.40) In act three another prophecy foretold by the witches comes true. The paradox fair is foul and foul is fair characterizes the changes the protagonists undergo in acts one, two and three. Thr oughout the play Macbeth, the fair one, becomes overcome by guilt and becomes foul. While Lady Macbeth who was foul in her instigations becomes fair.