Individualism vs Collectivism

Individualism and Collectivism Culture Abstract This essay discusses different aspects of Individualism and collectivism culture. Although every culture is different, Individualist and collectivism have a different implication for social organization. In this essay I able use my personal experience as a foreigner to help the readers understand the subject. In addition to the research I have done I was able to find information to help me fully understand how the two concepts impacted different countries such as the U. S.A, China and Burkina Faso. There are about a hundred and nighty-six countries on this planet, each one of them has a variety of cultures and traditions. Cultures are typically divided into two categories: collectivist and individualist. Individualist cultures, such as those of the United Sates and Western Europe, value personal achievement resulting in a strong sense of competition. Collectivist cultures, such as those of China, Korea, and Japan, emphasize family and w ork group goals above individual needs or desires.From a personal preference I would prefer a collectivist society but orders of social behavior change from culture to culture. I will now explain my experience coming in the United States to study. Being an international student from Burkina Faso, a country that has more than sixty ethnic groups with all different languages and dialects. I myself speak three languages, Moore my first and French second. The Western cultures are more individualist than collectivist Eastern cultures. The United States is considered to be an individualist country, so when I first got here, the transfer was very hard.I met American friends at U. G. A, despite been very nice it was hard sometimes to understand each other, as our cultures are different. The terms individualism and collectivism are usually used to express different cultures. An individualistic culture is where individuals are said to be bounded, autonomous, distinct from others, and emphasiz ing one’s own goals and agency rather than those of others (Mascolo M. F. & Li J. , 2004, p. 27). As it was stated in the first paragraph the United States is listed as having an individualist society.Some people would offer themselves, their family and friend as an anecdotal counter example to American individualism, but â€Å"both individualist and collectivist orientations may coexist within individuals cultures (Kim U. & Trandis H. C. & Choi S. C. , 1994, p. 123). For example; my best friend in Burkina Faso, born and raised there grew up to become an individualist. She say it herself, â€Å"I do not like to share†. A person may live in a traditionally collectivistic culture and may still express individualistic behaviors within that culture, just like my friend.The culture in Burkina is known for being hostile and as for myself being born there, and having a total nine siblings, we all shared everything, such as cloth, food, toys and many other things. So growing in this environment I have learned to share not only with brother and sisters but sometimes cousins. The traditional views of individualism and collectivism suggest that Eastern countries will exhibit collectivistic tendencies while Western countries will exhibit individualistic tendencies (Parker R. S. , Haytko D. L. , & Hermans C. M. , 2009). According Sen L. H. (2004).Being raised in a collectivist environment, the transition at UGA was a bit complicated. Many of my friends at UGA were born and raised in Georgia; some of them have a different way of approaching this subject. For example one of them had a total different situation than mine. He has 2 sisters and was told by his parents that if they each get something each of them have the right not to share. Since both individualist and collectivist orientations may coexist within the two cultures, it is practically impossible to say that everyone in western countries is an individualist or that everyone in eastern countries and A frica is a collectivist.As a within the communities it might be possible. For example most of the time in my country if someone is getting married everyone is pretty much invited. One will have thousands of people at their wedding to show support to the newlyweds. Studies suggest the well educated are more individualistic than the less educated. City dwellers are more individualistic than rural residents. Men are more individualistic than women, and young more than old. Thus, we need to consider peoples' experiences when interacting with them (Kanchier C. , 2007).The same individualism that has led to disaster, such as the mortgage crisis, because it was pursued to excess will also be the source of America's eventual resurgence. At its best, American individualism embraces the notion that every person matters. Increasingly, in American cities especially on the coasts, you will find that social categories are less important than individual histories. The U. S media will rather gossip about bill Clinton affair and Paris Hilton’s sex tapes than talk about important subjects that actually affects people’s life like the increasing dangerousness of tuberculosis as it becomes more immune to anti biotic.By contrast, collectivist are connected and interdependent, stressing roles and relationship, more than individual uniqueness; they are principally motivated to pure group goals rather than their own (Mascolo M. F. & Li J. , 2004, p. 27). Like individualism, within every culture there will be both individualist and collectivist people. Now lets take a look at the aspect of collectivism in China. Chinese culture is indeed more collectivist than individualist, and individualist values such as self-interest tend not to be present. (Kim U. & Trandis H.C. & Choi S. C. , 1994, p. 154). Hui in 1988 developed the individualism-collectivism scale (INDOL scale); it comprises six subscales purporting to measure a person’s collectivism orientation toward targe t groups (Kim U. & Trandis H. C. & Choi S. C. , 1994, p. 149). In his research Hui compared the scores of Chinese university students to those of American university students. Taken together, these results indicate that Chinese culture may be characterized as predominantly collectivist as well as anti-individualist. (Kim U. & Trandis H.C. & Choi S. C. , 1994, p. 154) For example the Chinese culture divorce is considered be dishonorable they believe that the marriage of two people is the union of two families. According to Luke Metcalfe, 2013, the divorce rate in china is 0. 79 per 1000people. As compared to the U. S. it is very common and some areas considered the norm. Luke Metcalfe, 2013 stated that The U. S divorce rate is at 4. 95 per 1000 people, which is the highest country with divorce rate. Individualist and collectivism have a different implication for social organization.The components of social organization presented in the book â€Å"Individualism and Collectivism† are very important; they are combined into more inclusive major components, of which there are five: values, autonomy/conformity, responsibility, achievement and self-reliance/interdependence. As an example of autonomy/conformity, an my best friend from Burkina Faso would want the right to privacy she believe that everyone should mind their own business. Their privacy should be respected. While on the other side I would believe that one’s business is also the business of the group; friends should be concerned with each other’s personal matters.Individualism and Collectivism are both needed in a society, inside every cultures will exists both concepts. I was raised in a collectivist environment but could decide to become an individualist; it may be an unconscious choice, but it happens very frequently. The two concepts have their advantages and disadvantages. When I was a kid I wanted to learn how to rollerblade because my friends knew how to. I was too proud to ask f or their help, so I have decided to teach myself how to uses the rollerblades. I certainly did, but at what cost? Multiple injuries and it took forever before I could really get the hint of it.I now realize that it would have been less painful if I just asked my friends help. Because I believe that collective work can make one attain greater success. Because together we are stronger. It is important for us readers to remember that individualism and collectivism each serve their own purposes, they are part of the reasons why our society is the way it is today. References Kanchier, C. (2007, May 12). Are you part of collective? ; we are not all individualism. How you view your-self influences how you relate to others at work. The Gazette, p. . Kim U. & Trandis H. C. & Choi S. C. (1994). Individualism and collectivism. United States of America: SAGE. Mascolo M. F. & Li J. (2004). Culture and development selves: beyond dichotomization. San Francisco: Wiley company. NationMaste. (2003-20 13). Luke Metcalfe. Retrieved from: http://www. nationmaster. com/graph/peo_div_rat-people-divorce-rate Parker R. S. , Haytko D. L. , & Hermans C. M. , (2009). Individualism and Collectivism: Reconsidering old Assumptions. Sen, L. H. (2004, May 7). Society needs individualism. The Straits Times, p.

Evidence Based Practice Essay

The following ssion of this assignment attempts to critically appraise the venUS III randomised control trial (RTC) published in the British Medical Journal. As a student/healthcare worker who is new to critical appraisal I am aware that I do not fully understand some of the calculations involved in reporting of findings, however Greenhalgh (2006) argued, ‘all you really need to know is what the best test is to apply in given circumstances, what it does and what might affect its validity/appropriateness’. When caring for patients it is essential that Healthcare Professionals are using current best practice. To determine what this is they must be able to read research, as not all research is of the same quality or standard therefore Healthcare Professionals should not simply take research at face value simply because it has been published (Cullum and Droogan, 1999; Rolit and Beck, 2006). I am completing this assignment to cultivate the skills at enable me to effectively assess the validity of research that may shape my practice. There are numerous tools available to help reviewers to critique research studies (Tanner 2003). I have elected to use the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) tool. I chose CASP as it is simple, directive and appropriate to quantitative research. The research article had a clear concise and easily understandable title and abstract. Titles should be 10/15 words long and should clearly identify for the reader the purpose of the study (Connell Meehan, 1999). Titles that are too long or too short can be confusing or misleading (Parahoo, 2006). From the abstract the reader should be able to determine if the study is of interest and whether or not to continue reading (Parahoo, 2006). The author(s’) qualifications and job can be a useful indicator into the researcher(s’) knowledge of the area under investigation and ability to ask the appropriate questions (Conkin Dale, 2005). The authors of the venUS III trial were from a range of academic and clinical backgrounds and are considered experts in their fields. The VenUS  III RTC clearly set out its objective to consider the clinical effectiveness of weekly high frequency ultrasound on hard to heal venous leg ulcers, (hard to heal was defined). In cases where participants had more than one venous leg ulcer the largest ulcer would be tracked if ultrasound treatment was allocated this site received the treatment. Outcomes to be considered where clearly outlined and method of measurement/collection defined. The study screened 1488 people with leg ulcers and 337 people became participants (22. %) Participants were randomised and evenly distributed, 168 to ultrasound therapy (dependant variable) plus standard care (experimental group) and 169 to standard care only (control group) This is reported as being the largest trial undertaken on the subject of therapeutic ultrasound for wound healing and earlier studies are referenced in support this statement. The study was cross-sectional, its population was taken from both community and district nur se led services as well as hospital outpatient clinics. The 12 care settings used where taken from both rural and urban settings. A â€Å"good† sample is one that is representative of the population from which it was selected (Gay 1996) Venous leg ulcers rates rise sharply with age with an estimated 1 in 50 people over the age of 80 developing venous leg ulcers (NHS choices 2012). The age of the participants in the study ranged from 20-98 years old, however the median age overall was 71. 85 and the mean age was 69. 44 years old across the study, well below the age range where venous leg ulcers are most seen. The assignment of participant’s treatment was equally randomised: treatment was blindly allocated: 168 to ultrasound therapy plus standard care and 169 to standard care only. Randomisation was conducted by an independent agency (York trials Unit) The lack of attrition bias was a strong positive for the venUS III trial, it had a low loss to follow up rate. The nurses providing treatment where not blind to which treatment had been allocated, this may impact on construct validity as in some cases it is suggested that control subjects are compensated in some way by healthcare staff or family for not receiving research intervention (Barker 2010). Nurses who were blinded were employed to trace the ulcers. Participating patients were not blind to the treatment/s. As one of the measured outcomes was patients perceptions of health, assessed by a questionnaire (SF-12) it is reasonable to conceive that this assessment may have been influenced by the patients awareness of the treatment type they were receiving thus creating the possibility for assessment bias. Construct validity may also be impacted on peoples behaviours as a response to being observed or to the treatment because they believe it will have a positive effect. Barker 2010) Healing date was assessed remotely by independent assessors who where blind to the treatment allocation this guards against assessment bias. Overall both treatment groups were equal in size. Both treatment groups had an almost equal average age of study participants, this is important because inequality in age between the groups would represent a heterogeneous population (Barker 2010). Venous leg ulc eration is more common in woman than men in those below 85 year of age (Moffat 2004) the trial participants had a female majority. Probably the weakest element of the study was the probability of performance bias. Standard care comprised of low adherent dressings and four-layer bandaging that was high compression, reduced compression or no compression depending upon the participant’s tolerance. Any changes to the regime where recorded and where made at the discretion of the treating clinician. Standard care was practiced in accordance with local protocol and could have varied between locations the quality of standard care given may be considered to be a confounding variable. Surveys of reported practice of leg ulcer care by nurses have demonstrated that knowledge often falls far short of that which is ideal (Bell 1994, Moffat 2004, Roe 1994) and that there is a wide variation in the nursing management of people with leg ulcers in the United Kingdom (UK) (Elliot 1996, Moffat 2004, Roe 1994). Large variation in healing rates according to trial centre is a further indicator that standard care is so variable that it potentially affects the reliability of results. No treatment fidelity checks were undertaken and no observation regime beyond usual practice of the treating nurse’s practice was implemented despite nurses being new to ultrasound application. Nurses were deemed competent after one day of training, these nurses where then also considered competent to train other local nurses who would be providing treatment. The ultrasound treatment given during the venous III trial did not give any additional effect on ulcer healing or reoccurrence rate and it did not affect quality of life. As the study only looked at one ultra sound regime extrapolation of the results was not possible, a between-subjects designed study may have provided data that was of further function. Treatment effect was measured precisely; the primary outcome measured was the time that the venous leg ulcer took to heal, this was measured in days and adjustments were made in order to account for baseline ulcer area (larger ulcer would be expected to take longer to heal than smaller ulcers). A fully healed ulcer was clearly defined and the ulcers were photographed every four weeks, at the point of healing and seven days after full healing has occurred, assessment of the ulcer was completed by two blind independent assessors and where required a third assessor was used if outcome was inconclusive. In some cases no photographs were available for patients in this case the treating nurse assessed healing date, no explanation why photographs would not be available is given. 7. 8% of the sample were assessed by an unblinded nurse this presented some risk of assessment bias. The trial also considered how many patients had fully healed ulcers within 12 months. Reduction in ulcer size was measured by area, by a blinded nurse who took acetate traces of the ulcers every four weeks the method of which was considered to be accurate and reliable and its provenance clearly referenced. Quality of life was also measured with a standardised questionnaire (SF-12) which looked at both physical and mental elements. As there is no evidence to support the use of ultrasound therapy in addition to standard treatment therefore no current change in practice is indicated and standard practice should continue. The study reported significant heterogeneity in healing rates among the treatment centres. Centres that treated the most patients produced better healing overall, if there is a correlation between volume of patients treated and positive outcomes this hypothesis has the potential to impact upon the way care is delivered in the future. The trial considered not only medical outcomes but also considered changes in patient quality of life (both physical and mental). Beauchamp and Childress (2001) identify four fundamental moral principles: autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence and justice. Autonomy infers that an individual has the right to freely decide to participate in a research study without fear of coercion and with a full knowledge of what is being investigated. Participants gave written, informed consent and recruiting nurses were trained in consent procedures. Non- maleficence implies an intention of not harming and preventing harm occurring to participants both of a physical and psychological nature (Parahoo 2006). Patients who had a high probability of being harmed if they received the ultrasound where excluded from the trial, the exclusion criteria took into account contraindications. Initially it was planned to exclude those unable to tolerate compression bandaging but after ethical consideration this was removed as these patients were identified as being particularly in need of the chance to benefit from ultrasound therapy. Beneficence is interpreted as the research benefiting the participant and society as a whole (Beauchamp and Childress, 2001). The annual cost to the NHS is estimated at ? 230-400 million (NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, 1997; Bosanquet, 1992; Baker et al. 991) some individual health authorities are spending ? 0. 9m to ? 2. 1 million (Carr et al 1999). There are psychological implications to the patient in that the ulcer increases social isolation through limited mobility, uncontrolled exudate and odour, together with pain (Lindholm et al. 1993; Charles1995). Justice is concerned with all participants being treated as equals and no one group of individuals receiving preferential treatment (Parahoo, 2006). There is no evidence to sugg est that any of the participants were discriminated against. The following section attempts to discuss how evidence based health care enhances health care- looking at the evidence base within health care Evidence-based practice (EBP) is one of the most important developments in decades for the helping professions—including medicine, nursing, social work, psychology, public health, counselling, and all the other health and human service professions (Briggs & Rzepnicki, 2004; Brownson et al. , 2002; Dawes et al. , 1999; Dobson & Craig, 1998a, 1998b; Gilgun, 2005; Roberts & Yeager, 2004; Sackett et al. ,2000). That is because evidence-based practice holds out the hope for practitioners that we can be at least as successful in helping our clients as the current available information on helping allows us to be. Evidence-based health care is the conscientious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients or the delivery of health services. Current best evidence is up-to-date information from relevant, valid research about the effects of different forms of health care, the potential for harm from exposure to particular agents, the accuracy of diagnostic tests, and the predictive power of prognostic factors

Media’s Negative Effect on Women Body Image

I. Images in the media are having a negative impact on female body image and has given society a blurred meaning as to â€Å"beautiful† A. Models 1. Models give an unrealistic view of the ideal woman; they give the idea that you cannot be beautiful unless you are thin. 2. â€Å"The average model is taller and weighs 23 per cent, or almost a quarter, less than the average woman who is 5'4†³ and weighs 148 lbs. † (Canadian Women’s Health) 3. Model’s bodies have been getting thinner by the years, and as the bodys keep slimming down women and girls in society are becoming more unhappy with their selves. B. Economic goals . â€Å"There are no official statistics for spending on diet products, but estimates vary from $40bn to $100bn in the US alone – more than the combined value of the government's budget for health, education and welfare. † (Cummings) 2. By the media presenting an almost impossible ideal to get and maintain, the cosmetic and diet industry becomes profitable. 3. Ads are directed mostly to younger girls purposely. C. Health issues 1. Exposure to images of thin, young, air-brushed female bodies is linked to depression, loss of self-esteem and the development of unhealthy eating habits in women and girls. . The American research group Anorexia Nervosa & Related Eating Disorders, Inc. says that one out of every four college-aged women uses unhealthy methods of weight control (bulimia, anorexia, excess exercising, laxatives, skipping meals. ) 3. This has even affected younger girls, as low as 5-6 years old. 4. Nearly half of all preadolescent girls wish to be thinner, and as a result have engaged in a diet or are aware of the concept of dieting. (Tiggeman) 5. Researchers generating a computer model of a woman with Barbie-doll proportions, for example, found that her back would be too weak to support the weight of her upper body, and her body would be too narrow to contain more than half a liver and a few centimeters of bowel. A  real woman built that way would suffer from chronic diarrhea and eventually die from malnutrition. II. Although the damage has been well done, by eliminating the fake women pictures and providing the society with a healthier view of themselves, women’s views about themselves would be a lot healthier and they would feel uch happier. A. Although these campaigns have just started with their healthy ideas, many companies have tried to help with this problem and have received much positive feedback. 1. In 2004, Dove launched the very successful Campaign for Real Beauty which features real women, not models, advertising Dove's firming cream. (Dove) 2. Dove has also recently launched a new campaign, 3. In Septem ber 2006, a news and media furor erupted when Spain banned overly thin models from its fashion runways. 4. Dove produced this video in response to the negative comments of the changes of the company’s models called Evolution which shows the transformation from a regular women to a model and how unrealistic perceptions of beauty are. 5. In 2010, Dove ® set out a bold new vision for the brand with the Dove ® Movement for Self-Esteem. ( Dove) III. Not everyone agrees, however, that this is something wrong. A. The people that prosper from these ideas say 1. Women need to have more self control. a. It’s not like women can just avoid these ads, they are everywhere and have come to dominate our society. Depression and low self-esteem is not something that women want to have. Not everyone is born the same. 2. Obesity is a problem, thinner is healthier. a. Thinner can be healthier because obesity has become a growing issue but the media has taken it to their advantage. b. The thinness shown in magazines and models is not healthy, the models are always underweight which leads to fainting and serious health conditions including malnutrition. Works Cited â€Å"Beauty and Body Image in Media. † Media Awareness Network. N. p. , n. d. Web. 20 Nov 2011. . Cummings, Laura. â€Å"The diet business: Banking on Failure. † BBC news. N. p. , 05/02/2003. Web. 20 Nov 2011. . â€Å"Body Image and the Media. † Canadian's Women's Health Network. N. p. , 2005. Web. 20 Nov 2011. . â€Å"The Dove Campaign for Real Beauty. † Dove. Dove, n. d. Web. 20 Nov 2011. .

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 107

Essay Example That is until one day when his desire uncoiled when he was offered a summer building job to carry out â€Å"real work†. He was willing to perform it precisely, when he reaches at the construction site, with no fear at all. It is clear that Rodriguez was not seeking for a summer job, rather a chance to work with his back and hands. His desire is to feel his body in a unique or new way; he wanted to know the meaning of real work, even if it lasted for a short time so long as he worked like hard for once. Just like men whose desire is to fulfill their sexual fantasies by performing in the City of Night, Rodriguez wanted to fulfill his erotic dream by trying to side with the working class, a task for himself and for his audience (Dunbar-Odom 37). As a simple laborer, Rodriguez had a positive attitude towards his contract. The work seemed simpler than his friends did and he had thought. He enjoyed doing it, since he says that he had many physical pleasures during the labor. Each day counted for him, as he woke up every morning with a new working spirit. During the day, his desire to work conquered all the barriers that came his way. Sometimes he could even do too much that his colleagues were amazed, but all was for the sake of fulfilling his fantasy (Rodriguez 275). During his shoveling work, he realized that he was not doing what was right. He was fooling himself by expecting to be admitted in the world of the laborer. He says, â€Å"I could not learn in three months what my father had meant by â€Å"real work,† to mean that what he had been doing up to that level was not sufficient enough to measure to what his father could recognize as hard work. He could not be pleased by the achievement of his son so far. He needed more experience and efforts and that for him to accomplish â€Å"real work,† he had to take quality time. According to his mother and father, â€Å"real work† means struggling with self-confidence to achieve

Concept Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Concept Analysis - Assignment Example This article is geared towards analyzing the nursing concept of â€Å"patient centered care. In this case, the article will focus on explaining various items that pertains to this concept o as to put it in better perspectives for easier applicability. When analyzing this concept, the article will lay more emphasis on various nursing theories on which this concept is enshrined. These theories include the normative decision theory, need theory, interactive theory and humanistic theory. The aim of this concept analysis is to relate the nursing concept of patient centered care with various theories of nursing. This is important because the students and researchers will be able to get important information relating to various needs that patients have. Further, the article is important as it describes the significance of prioritizing the patients in all decisions made in a health care system. The first definition of Patient-Centered Care was given by Kinyua (2013) as the one takes place when the nurse and the entire health care sector recognizes the patient as the source of control and decision making and full partner in providing coordinated and compassionate care based on respect and honor for the patient’s needs, preferences, and value. In this case, the author declared that the most important step in establishing a patient-centered care is by engaging the patient body in making important decisions. In this case, policies that are adopted by the management should be the one that are geared toward enabling a better environment for medical and nursing care provision. Further, Kinyua (2013) argues that the concept of Patient-Centered Care has been ignored for a very long time because of the capitalist nature of our societies. In this case, many nursing facilities are more concerned with making more money in the expense of providing quality healthcare services. to reverse this and to be more

Possible solutions for tobacco usage in UK Essay

Possible solutions for tobacco usage in UK - Essay Example e tobacco tend to start at a very young age, mostly in their teenage, and these normally begin mainly because of the influence of their friends as well as peer pressure, especially in the school environment. Moreover, it has become the norm for these individuals to continue smoking for the rest of their lives since once they pick up the habit from such a young age; it is often very hard for them to stop. The result is that a large chunk of the population of the UK are tobacco users and this has created a situation where despite the best efforts that the government has taken, it has become difficult to control the use of this substance. Some of the largest tobacco companies are based in the UK and because it is a lucrative market for their products, these companies have worked hard to ensure that those laws that are not in favour of the reduction and at times abolishment of tobacco usage are not passed. These companies have powerful lobbies, which work hard to ensure that only laws which are in their favor are passed as a means of retaining their dominance over the UK market (Neuman, Bitton & Glantz, 2002). Therefore, it has become imperative for the government of the UK to take direct and effective measures which are meant to promote a reduction of tobacco usage within the country so that the population can stay free of the medical complications that are related to tobacco usage (Jha & Peto, 2014). Among the biggest steps that the UK government can take to curb the power of tobacco companies is to ensure that legislation that reduces the consumption of tobacco products is introduced and strictly implemented becaus e to do otherwise would mean that the health of the public would be at risk. In addition, the government should require that it make requirements where tobacco companies in the UK have to label their products as being dangerous to the health of those who use them ("Adding harm reduction to tobacco control", 2007). Moreover, the government should take an

Application for British Airway Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Application for British Airway - Essay Example This is because I have been able to acquire knowledge and skills in the fields of general management, strategic management, and corporate finance. I am particularly interested in joining the management and planning team which primairly determines the core competencies, strengths, weaknesses, and the needs of British Airways. I can surely be instrumental in shaping the strategic path of the organization with my hard-earned knowledge and skill in assessing the internal performance of the company as well as the external factors in its external environment, I believe that in landing a job, a potential employee must only be imbued with the technical skills needed for the position. One of the most important things to consider is the person's high level of motivation to excel in the field and his capacity to deal with diverse individual in the business organization. Joining British Airways has been one of my greatest dreams and I am highly passionate to aid in the company's success. I am highly motivated to excel in this career, wanting not just a mere position but with commitment and devotion, I would like to pursue growth and excellence. I believe that I will be able to stand the pressure of joining a diverse workforce because I am trained to be open-minded and respectful of individuals outside my color, culture, value, and opinion. 3.0. Application of My Skills In order to prove that I will be effective in my chose position, I will be giving a brief analysis of British Airway's current performance through the employment of strategic management tools. First, I will be focusing on the business organization's financial performance by a financial ratio analysis. Next, I will look at the company's internal and external environment by the identification of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Lastly, I will be offering a three-point plan on how British Airways can further improve its operations. 3.1. Financial Analysis In terms of financial performance, British Airways in can be assessed by looking at the firm's profitability, leverage, efficiency, liquidity, and investor ratios. In terms of profitability, British Airways reports increasing profit margins yet still lags behind its competitors like Ryanair and Thomsonfly (British Airways 2007). British Airway's resources are largely financed by riskier financing debt. The company enjoys higher liquidity enhancing the ability of the air carrier to pay off its immediate obligation by its current assets. The company also improves its efficiency by lessening the day its pays off its suppliers and collects from its customers. An investor is most likely be attracted by the escalating share price of British Airways but be put off by the zero dividend yield. 3.2. SWOT Analysis for British Airways I will now focus on the SWOT Analysis. In terms of strengths, British Airways has always been unmatched due to its mere size commanding strong brand equity, strong network presence, cost cutting efficiency, and customer loyalty (Datamonitor 2005).In terms of assets, the airline is regarded as the second largest in the

Research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Research Paper Example Another reason for pursuing admission in SIU is the extensive scholarship programs that are used by the university to help its students. The scholarships provided by the university are on a rise and these scholarships promote students in working hard in order to attain scholarships. The university has high number of accreditations from several different accreditation agencies which is a solid reason to become a part of SIU. Other than the popularity of the University among dental students, the university has huge number of programs for the development of those who want to pursue a career in the field of dentistry. It provides students with both practical and theoretical knowledge and application for the development of high quality dental professionals. The university does not only develop the cognitive skills of its students, it even participates in physical development of its students. Due to their educational and athletic offerings I am persuaded to be a part of SIU and look forwar d towards the accomplishment of my

A Bear Workshop Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

A Bear Workshop - Essay Example The management structure has knowledgeable and dedicated staff that provide ample knowledge exchanges in an interactive environment with customers. This is a fundamental strength of a business to be able to provide better customer relationship management and provide them with exactly what customers are looking for. Clearly, the owner understands the importance of cost monitoring when it comes to purchasing and production and will likely continue these trends over the next five to ten years. Having a strategic-focused management system is the key to ensuring a proper expansion. If the business conducts regular market research using focus groups or interviews with target customers, it will likely find more success in identifying social and buying trends early in order to gain market share in the toy market. Further, growth in Internet usage in developing countries such as India, China and Pakistan will provide even more customers in an environment that is convenient. Through agreements with different distribution agencies, Build A Bear will probably be able to find low-cost distribution to ensure that many international customers are able to buy the products and have them delivered in a timely fashion. If the business remains focused on product rather than pricing, higher resource (financial) consumers will likely recognize the brand and have a loyalty that can be built up over the next five years.

Automobility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Automobility - Essay Example She also thinks that automobiles enhance knowledge. She says that automobiles take us to any place from watching birds to visiting battlegrounds. She also says that automobiles enhance privacy and allow us control over our immediate environment. The reason why so many people are buying cars is because there are benefits in having a car, something that cannot be said about other means of transport. There are public transportations too such as buses and taxis. However, although these too have benefits, they do not provide privacy. Having a private car greatly increases one's mobility. The environmentalists may raise a hue and cry about the ill-effects of the car. But there is little they can do to provide alternatives (Loren Lomasky). Mathew Paterson argues that to explain the rise and subsequent dominance of automobility as a mode of transportation in contemporary societies it is necessary to examine: a) the political economy of automobility; and b) the cultural politics of automobility. How does Paterson's analysis differ from Lomasky's Matthew Paterson has used environment and the capitalist structure to highlight the reason for the rise and dominance of automobility. ... In due time the number of cars increased. Today, the population of cars is high enough to warrant their restriction by environmentalists. A richer class of people will by all means buy a car. Paterson emphasizes the centrality of the car to capitalism. Capitalism had major influence in projecting the value of the car. The capitalist ideology provided the boost to the car industry to evolve through a combination of factors that cover industrialization, taxation, employment and road construction (b) Cultural politics Transportation is not the only need for a car. The basic purpose in owning a car is indeed transportation. However, there is the aura of a culture that has evolved with the automobile. Paterson projects the social, cultural and ability to commute fast in a car that has shaped the need for a car. Unlike Loren Lomasky, he has not concentrated on the benefits of the car. He has instead focused on the underlying reasons for the evolution of the car as a necessity rather than a luxury that has made it so ubiquitous today. Paterson says that our dependence on cars must be understood from the culture that we have allowed to take root in our midst. In order to address environmental issues it is necessary to address this culture and correct the anomalies that have allowed the car to play a dominant role in our affairs (Automobile politics). Several of the authors we have read have argued that is not useful to think about "automobile" and "driver" as separate entities. Rather, they argue that we need to think about them as constituting an "assemblage," which has also been termed a "car-driver," a "driver-car," a "Carson" and several

Book Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 6

Book Review - Essay Example The writer grasps the attention of the writer through its fascinating revelations. Carr celebrates and admits in the book that the internet has given has many leisure facilities and conveniences, providing us quick and easy to access services. He has reflected on the notion, that with the advent of Internet and its overpowering nature in our lives, human mind has also become a technical mind. Internet has changed the way human mind thinks, it only encourages it to click and flick, losing its interest in the literature and reading good books. One of the reasons, for loss of interest is that internet has lessened our power to focus, Carr admits himself that he cannot read a book without losing concentration and his mind wandering after every few minutes. Carr reflects that â€Å"the Net and multimedia strains our cognitive abilities, diminishing our learning and weakening our understanding† (129). Carr has exhibited through different relations that because of the distractive nat ure of the internet and the various digital technologies, fewer and fewer people feel interested in introspective, deep reading activities. Carr is one of those technology writers who does not indulge in geeky tech writing, rather he grips his reader by beautifully crafted narrative and turns the technical details into sheer poetry. Carr starts the book mainly my admitting his own weaknesses in focusing and his distractive mind. He admits that he has been unable to focus lately and his mind is wandering to different other unrelated things and activities. He admits that it is not just about reading the books but he also has trouble focusing on other tasks as well and he keeps forgetting things and his memory is not as good as it used to be. He thinks that although the new media is changing the way we think and affecting our brain in several ways, it has several side-effects and one of the most observable and noticeable ones are that our brain is losing the power to

Analsysis of the Hero by Siegfried Sassoon Essay Example for Free

Analsysis of the Hero by Siegfried Sassoon Essay Analysis- The Hero Brief Summary of Content-In the Poem The Hero Sassoon has presented the hardships that a soldier goes through in the war through the use of the soldier’s death. He also shows the pain of the families left behind by showing the mother’s pain after she finds out that her son as died on the battle fields. The first stanza is introducing the mother at the moment that she finds out her son has died. The mother reads a letter that a Colonel wrote for her and she hides her true feelings about her son’s death because she believes that if she is upset she will dishonour his memory. In the second stanza the brother officer is introduced and he has lied to the mother about how her son had died. The brother officer is patronising to the mother in this stanza because he lies straight to her face about how her son had died and he is doing it so she would not suffer anymore. In the last stanza the brother officer is remembering how Jack had behaved in his last days. The brother officer portrays Jack as being a coward in his last days on the battlefields and this contradicts what he told the mother. The last stanza also shows that Jack tried to get home because of the hardships of war but died before he could. The last stanza also shows that no one cares about what happened to Jack except his mother the ‘Lonely woman with white hair’. Themes and Issues raised in poem- Sassoon has included realistic issues in his poem ‘The Hero’. He clearly portrays the death, and pain associated with war. He also shows the fear associated with fighting through Jack’s attitude in the poem.

E Commerce Advantages and Disadvantages

E Commerce Advantages and Disadvantages Electronic commerce comprises of the selling and buying of the items, products and services through internet or intranet medium. Internet is most helpful and reliable medium to generate revenue and to attract potential customers. E-Commerce is a greatest invention in the field of trade as it has made the trade easy and customer friendly. E-Commerce is mostly depends upon virtual items to access websites. A huge proportion of E-commerce is carry out totally automatically for virtual items such as admission to finest satisfied on a website, but the majority electronic commerce involves the carrying of substantial items in some means. Almost all large retailers have E-commerce occurrence on the website. Electronic business that is carried out among selling is referred to as business-to-business or B2B. B2B can be unlocked to all concerned parties (e.g. commodity exchange) or incomplete to exact, pre-determined contributors. Electronic trade that is conducted among trade and customers, on the other hand, is referred to as business-to-consumer or B2C. This kind of E-Commerce is carried out through internet and other electronic medium. Online shopping is a shape of electronic trade where the purchaser is straight online to the sellers computer usually via the internet. E-Commerce is providing the business and the owners more benefits because it is the easiest and cheaper way to promote and boost up the products. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCE: ADVANTAGES OF E- COMMERCE: E-Commerce is the easiest and the quickest way to boost up the business. E-commerce is gratifying the just alternative and electronic mail is a computer application which transmits the messages to the email boxes of other people using data communication which is called as email. There are a lot of internet sites which provide free email services related to the E-Commerce and business to the internet users and the customers. Computer softwares are used to promote the Electronic business. The computer softwares refer to the collective set of instructions called programs that can be interpreted by the business computers and cannot be touched by the humanà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s The program causes the computer to perform desired functions such as flight simulation, the generation of business graphics or word processing. Following re the basic types of business software: System Software Application Software Utility Programs Whereas an operating system is an integrated set of programs that is used to manage the various resources and overall operations of a business. T s designed to support the activities of a computer installation. Its primary objective is to improve the performance and efficiency of a computer system and increase facility and ease with a system can be used. It also makes computer system user friendly. Business operating systems are used by many of business computers at this era. Operating systems include the disk operating system, windows, macintosh system from apple computer and Warp of IBM, and UNIX and Linux are using in the Electronic Business now a days. Business computer can only understand the machine or hardware language. It is necessary to convert the instructions of a program written in high level language to machine instructions before the program can be executed by the computer. A complier carries out this business job. Thus a complier is a translating program that translate s the instructions of a high level language into machine language. A complier is called as business complier because the complier a set of business activities for every program instruction of a high level instruction. Complier can translate only those sources program which have been written in the language for which the computer is meant. For example, FORTAN complier is only capable of translating source programs which have been written in FORTAN, and therefore each requires a separate complier for each high level language. While interpreter is another type of business high level languages into machine codes. It takes one statement of a high level language and translates it into a machine instruction which is a useful technique for the business. DISADVANTAGES: E-Business is only dependent to the internet based advertisement and business which is a big drawback for the specific company in those cities where the people are not too much educated and then those people cannot access the internet and computer media. This factor can be a big loss for the company and its business. Some of the internet sites are charging too much from the customers and therefore customers and clients feel hesitation to go and view for those sites and this creates a major hindrance to enhance and boost up the business and the trade of the company. E-Business s not too much useful for the illiterate people and thus those people remain unaware by the policies and strategies of the big and well named companies. No doubt, E-Business has many advantages for the company and the trade for the company but we cannot neglect the disadvantages of the E-Business. MEANING OF SOME E-BUSINESS TERMS AUTHENTICATION: Authentication is a phenomenon to declare the surety and validity of the things to be occurred. Authentication is occurred due to the logon of the password. While that Knowledge of the code word or password describes the validity and authentication of the user. Every user has its own and unique password. It is essential that the user must know the previous password to create the new password. The flaw in this system for transactions that are important (such as the swap of cash) is so as to passwords can often be stolen, by chance exposed, or elapsed. ACCESS CONTROL: It I the scheme or system through which one can control and access the specific and desired task. Admittance systematize system, inside the pasture of the code word, is more often than not seen as the subsequently coat in the sanctuary of a bodily arrangement. Access control is a real and daily process and phenomenon. A bolt on a car access is really a form of access control. A PIN on an ATM scheme at a bank is another means of access control. Bouncers standing in front of a night club is perhaps a more primitive mode of access control (given the evident lack of information technology involved). The control of access manage is of major significance when persons seek to secure significant, confidential, or responsive in sequence and gear. Item manage or electronic key management is an area inside (and possibly integrated with) an access manage system which concerns the managing of control and position of small assets or bodily (mechanical) keys. (Sometimes known as Conditional Access System) A safety system assuring that only those who have paid for the services will get those services. The scheme is often made up of 3 parts: (1) signal scrambling, (2) encryption of electronic keys which the viewer will need, and (3) the Subscriber Management System. DATA INTEGRITY: Integrity, in terms of data and network security, is the assurance that information can only be accessed or modified by those authorized to do so. Measures taken to ensure integrity include controlling the physical environment of networked terminals and servers, restricting access to data, and maintaining rigorous authentication practices. Data integrity can also be threatened by environmental hazards, such as heat, dust, and electrical surges. Practices followed to protect data integrity in the physical environment include: making servers accessible only to network administrators, keeping transmission media (such as cables and connectors) covered and protected to ensure that they cannot be tapped, and protecting hardware and storage media from power surges, electrostatic discharges, and magnetism. Network administration measures to ensure data integrity include: maintaining current authorization levels for all users, documenting system administration procedures, parameters, and main tenance activities, and creating disaster recovery plans for occurrences such as power outages, server failure, and virus attacks.

Social Interaction In Acquisition Of Second Languages English Language Essay

Social Interaction In Acquisition Of Second Languages English Language Essay Ever since the basic assumption endorsed in the seminal work of Hatch in the late 1970s that learners learn the structure of a language through interaction rather than learning grammar in order to interact (Gass, 2003: 224-255). The relationship between interaction and acquisition has been one of the core issues in second language acquisition (SLA) research. The reviewed done by Young (1999) has shown that interactional competence is clearly most applicable to explaining cross-cultural communication. It also provides a convenient framework for integrating studies of conversational phenomena within a broader context of interaction. As language usually related two four main domains: reading, writing, oral and listening. In order to practice the oral and listening, interaction is important. At the same time interaction can also assist the development of the second language acquisition. Second Language Acquisition (SLA) is the process by which people learn a second language in addition to their native language(s). Linguists have many different approaches towards the acquisition of the second language. In the past few decades, linguists were more focus on the cognitive aspects also known as the psycholinguistic which studies the internal factors of second language acquisition. However, more recent studies have redirected their attention to the external factors which refers to the sociolinguistic. Social interaction is one of the main focuses in the study of the sociolinguistic. Unlike second language acquisition, there are specific brain parts located in the left hemisphere take care of the first language acquisition. If we consider first language acquisition as a natural cognitive development, then second language acquisition will be more like a process of nurture. Since it is more a process of nurture than a natural cognitive development, the social factors will be the vital attribution in the acquisition. Importance of social interaction On the basis of extensive research, there was considerable agreement that the learning environment must include opportunities for learners to engage in meaningful social interaction with users of the second language if they are to discover the linguistic and sociolinguistic rules necessary for second-language comprehension and production (Pica, 1987). And this agreement is still applicable for todays second language learning. A very good example is that students who study abroad are usually more fluent and accurate in the second language they are using, as compare to their classmates in their own country. In fact, there are many examples of the learners who are able to communicate and use the language efficiently without any formal instructions. For example the Bangladeshi workers in Malaysia do not have formal instruction in Bahasa Malaysia but are able to function well in their workplace and the community. Their second language is acquired through the unsystematic social interaction with the broader society. The learner has access to the target language in the course of everyday communication or interaction with the environment. The sounds of the language are embedded in a relevant situational context and the learners job is to extract from this material the rules for the use of the language. This interaction allows him to start learning and learning in turn allows him to make progress in communication (Albakri, 2006). The question might be asked, why interaction is important to the second language acquisition. In order to answer that question we need to look at what is required to second language learning. First of all, we need to have input, with the input we will able to produce a response which also known as the output, feedback will be given according to the output. These three major components made up an interaction. The interaction approach attempts to account for learning through the learners exposure to language, production of language, and feedback on that production. A central claim resulting from a past research is that, though interaction may not be strictly necessary, it nevertheless constitutes the primary means by which language learners obtain data for language learning, not only because interaction is how most learners receive input, but also because the input obtained through interaction is more pragmatic and conducive to acquisition than input received in other ways (Gass Macke y 2007: 175-199). Interlanguage An important term used in the interaction approach of second language acquisition is interlanguage. Interlanguage is a emerging linguistic system that has been developed by a learner of a second language who has not become fully proficient yet but is approximating the target language. It often preserving some features of their first language, or over-generalizing target language rules in speaking or writing the target language and creating innovations. An interlanguage is basically a set of language created by the learner to engage the first language and the second language and it is usually based on the learners experiences with the second language. At a more theoretical level, there are also well-argued claims that the social interaction most relevant to interlanguage development is that in which learners and their correspondents share a need and desire to understand each other (Pica, 1987). There is also recent empirical evidence that such mutual understanding can be reached when the learner and interlocutor modify and restructure their interaction as a result of their requests for clarification or confirmation of each others input and checks on the comprehensibility of their own productions, this will be discussed more in the feedback section. When learners need to understand unfamiliar linguistic input or when required to produce a comprehensible message are opportunities to modify and restructure their interaction with their respondents until mutual comprehension is reached. That process enables learners to move beyond their current interlanguage receptive and expressive capacities and yet improve their second language. Another research investigates the type of interaction and the effects on the development of the interlanguage. It shows that certain kinds of interaction that the child engages in encourage faster and more complete development of features of his interlanguage than other kinds of interaction. A similar finding is reported by Shea (2003), who compares interactions between Japanese students studying at an American university and four different teachers. Shea reports that the Japanese students appear more proficient in English in conversations where they have equal access to the floor and take perspectives that are congruent with those taken by their teachers (Watanabe 2008). Input Input refers to the language that a learner is exposed to. In all approaches to second language acquisition, input is a vital component for learning in that it provides the evidence from which learners can form linguistic hypotheses. On the other hand, the information provided by the input illustrates what is possible within a language. Interaction makes learner see the differences between them and native speakers. Interaction itself also directs learners attention to something new, such as a new lexical item or grammatical construction, thus promoting the development of the L2. Input obtained via interaction has been conceptualized and researched in terms of comprehensible input, negotiation of meaning and comprehensible output by Krashen, Long and Swain (Gass, 2003: 224-255, Krashen, 1981). The interrelatedness of these three notions is concisely articulated in Longs revised version of the Interaction Hypothesis: the negotiation for meaning, and especially negotiation work that tri ggers interactional adjustments by the NS or more competent interlocutor, facilitates acquisition because it connects input, internal learner capacities, particularly selective attention, and output in productive ways (Tarone, 2009: 41-57). The process of turning input into intake has been described by Krashen as follows: First, learners understand a message using the not yet acquired L2 structure and somehow connect the form with its meaning. Second, learners must notice a difference between their current interlanguage competence and the second language form (Xu, 2010). As input of an interaction is just like the listening, it is important for learners to familiar with the phonetic of the second language. Language like French, which does not pronounce the why it looks like. Native speakers usually speak much faster than a learner can understand. It means that it is understandable if the sentence was written or spoken word by word. As many French learners have experienced, it is important for the learner to have more social interactions with the native speakers to get their ears used to the speed and dialect (for some language) of the second language. Output Swain observed the children in Canada which showed less native-like language. Swain hypothesized that what was lacking was sufficient opportunities for language use. She claimed that language production forces learners to move form comprehension to syntactic use of language. As many learners maybe experienced, there is a stage where the learner is too shy to produce an output. It may due to the afraid of making a wrong statement or convey a wrong message. The less the learner talk in the target language, the more shyness the will feel. That is why many Chinese students who take English as second language is excellent in the grammar and lexicon but can hardly talk to a native speaker fluently. Feedback There are two types of feedbacks: implicit and explicit. Explicit refers to correction and metalinguisitic explanations. Implicit feedback refers to confirmation checks (i.e. the sentence or specific word has been correctly heard), clarification requests (i.e. a request for clarify or repeat), and comprehension checks (i.e. an expression used to check the listener is understand or not). Explicit feedback often occurs during negotiation for meaning. Pica (1989) describes how negotiation contributes to the language learning process, suggesting that negotiation facilitates comprehension of L2 input and servers to draw learners attention to form-meaning relationships through processes of repetition, segmentation, and rewording. The research also claims that negotiation can draw learners attention to linguistic problems and proposes that initial steps in interlanguage development occur when learners notice mismatches between the input and their own organization of the target language (Gas s Mackey, 2007: 175-199). With feedbacks, both the native speakers and non-native speakers can adjust their language to a level where they can communicate efficiently. Other research have found that native speaker modifications are more frequent in two-way communication because conversation provides the native speaker with feedback from the learner and thus enables him to estimate the amount of adjustment required (Albakri, 2006). Social context and culture Learning a second language can be said of learning about another society and their culture. Language has been proven that has a great relationship with the society, culture and even history. In order to improve the second language proficiency, social context and culture have to be taken into the consideration. The best way of doing this is to interact with the native speakers. It was shown that speakers of any target language use different varieties of that language in the different social contexts in which it is spoken; a formal variety is appropriate in business meetings, while a vernacular variety is used with friends in a bar. So social context affects the social variety of the second language learners are exposed to. If learners are restricted to only one social context and need to learn varieties of second language that are spoken in other social context and need to learn varieties of second language that are spoken in other social contexts, their overall SLA can be affected. (Tarone, 2007). Culture is difficult to define, but it does not mean that the issue is not important in relation to the acquisition of a second language. Through interaction, learners are able to understand certain usage of the language. For example, in Japanese, you need to use a respectful way or tone and choice of words to talk to a senior or anyone who is socially above your status. It is different in some western countries and the language they used. We may not be sure what culture the learner acquires, but it is certainly different from the learners own culture and this difference is an important part of the learning experience (Regan 1998). Conclusion Social interaction, without any doubt, is important in second language acquisition. The learner receives input from his/her respondent and that input becomes intake when the learner processes the information internally. The learner than produces the output which in turn becomes the input for the respondent and he/she provides feedback to that input. And this process continues as conversation or communication and therefore enhances second language learning (Albakri, 2006). It is also important that, the interaction provide the chance of knowing the culture of the target language and raise the awareness of the social context of the target language, which will indeed promotes the development of the second language. On the other hand, social interaction encourages learners to use the language in a more pragmatic way, which is one of the main reason we learn a second language at first place. Word Count: 2188

Change Essay -- essays research papers

Experimental Strategies and Conceptual Change The article The Development of Scientific Reasoning in Knowledge-Rich Contexts written by Leona Schauble relates a series of experiments which give some insight as to how conceptual change and experimental strategies effect subjects of varying ages, ten fifth and sixth graders and ten noncollege adults. The conclusions drawn from the article are relevant in determining the cognitive strengths and weaknesses in the subjects as well as how these strengths and weaknesses vary as a result of differing ages. The objective of the study was to track changes in both the theories and reasoning strategies used by participants who conduct and interpret repeated cycles of experiments over several sessions to learn about the causal structure of two physical science systems. The exact experiments are not needed to understand the results of the experiments as long as the experimentation strategies and conceptual changes are understood. The experimentation strategies approach tends to emphasize concern for logical validity, (i.e. how the problem pieces together and why). The conceptual change approach tends to be more concerned with the plausibility and explanatory coherence as tests for deciding whether knowledge should be adopted. Schauble (1996) states that "because previous work focused either on the validity of strategies or the coherence of conceptions, it has tended to mask these close interrelations" (p.102). Therefore the re... Change Essay -- essays research papers Experimental Strategies and Conceptual Change The article The Development of Scientific Reasoning in Knowledge-Rich Contexts written by Leona Schauble relates a series of experiments which give some insight as to how conceptual change and experimental strategies effect subjects of varying ages, ten fifth and sixth graders and ten noncollege adults. The conclusions drawn from the article are relevant in determining the cognitive strengths and weaknesses in the subjects as well as how these strengths and weaknesses vary as a result of differing ages. The objective of the study was to track changes in both the theories and reasoning strategies used by participants who conduct and interpret repeated cycles of experiments over several sessions to learn about the causal structure of two physical science systems. The exact experiments are not needed to understand the results of the experiments as long as the experimentation strategies and conceptual changes are understood. The experimentation strategies approach tends to emphasize concern for logical validity, (i.e. how the problem pieces together and why). The conceptual change approach tends to be more concerned with the plausibility and explanatory coherence as tests for deciding whether knowledge should be adopted. Schauble (1996) states that "because previous work focused either on the validity of strategies or the coherence of conceptions, it has tended to mask these close interrelations" (p.102). Therefore the re... Change Essay -- essays research papers Experimental Strategies and Conceptual Change The article The Development of Scientific Reasoning in Knowledge-Rich Contexts written by Leona Schauble relates a series of experiments which give some insight as to how conceptual change and experimental strategies effect subjects of varying ages, ten fifth and sixth graders and ten noncollege adults. The conclusions drawn from the article are relevant in determining the cognitive strengths and weaknesses in the subjects as well as how these strengths and weaknesses vary as a result of differing ages. The objective of the study was to track changes in both the theories and reasoning strategies used by participants who conduct and interpret repeated cycles of experiments over several sessions to learn about the causal structure of two physical science systems. The exact experiments are not needed to understand the results of the experiments as long as the experimentation strategies and conceptual changes are understood. The experimentation strategies approach tends to emphasize concern for logical validity, (i.e. how the problem pieces together and why). The conceptual change approach tends to be more concerned with the plausibility and explanatory coherence as tests for deciding whether knowledge should be adopted. Schauble (1996) states that "because previous work focused either on the validity of strategies or the coherence of conceptions, it has tended to mask these close interrelations" (p.102). Therefore the re...

Paul Cronan and New England Telephone Company :: essays research papers

1. Identification of the â€Å"critical or relevant facts† from the case† Paul Cronan was working for New England Telephone Company while diagnosed with ARC – Aids Related Complex and started showing symptoms of AIDS. His supervisors started to get concern with his job performance and health due to his very poor attendance, and the increased amount of absences. During spring 1985, Paul had requested permission on two different days to leave work due to a doctor’s appointment. Paul’s supervisor Charles O’Brian refused to grant him permission a third time, unless he informs him on the reason for the appointment. Charles O’Brian told Paul Cronan that it is company practice to inform the person’s supervisor of any matter which could involve affecting the attendance of an employee. Charles O’Brian insisted on knowing the nature of the doctor’s visits. He promised Paul Cronan that the information would be held in confidence. Charles O’Brian instructed Paul Cronan to see the New England Telephone Company’s doctor. The doctor determined that he had AIDS and recommended to see a psychiatrist. Within the company it became public news that he had AIDS. Other employees were getting afraid of the chance of getting AIDS from Paul Cronan. Paul Caronan started to feel very unsafe to return to work and had requested a medical leave. He soon started receiving sickness benefits. Paul Cronan’s physician sent a medical certificate stating that he was considered disabled for an estimated time frame of three months. The benefits for being disabled was approved for the three months and then extended for 9 months. Paul Cronan decided to sue New England Telephone Company for discrimination against his disability. It was decided by Paul Cronan to settle out of court and they had reached an agreement to let him return to work, and reach a financial settlement. They agreed to reassign Paul Cronan to a new facility in Needham. They also denied all of the allegations and had admitted to no wrong doing. New England Telephone Company agreed to educate the new workers about AIDS at the new facility in Needham. New England Telephone Company held an education meeting between workers and AIDS medical specialists. The doctors informed the employees there was no way AIDS can be transmitted with casual contract. The first day that Paul Cronan returned to work he was exposed to threats from his coworkers because of his sexuality and illness.

Native Americans

For many years Native Americans life has been a struggle. The government at the time was trying to encourage them into the white world and ultimately lose their cultural beliefs but Indians themselves at the time fought bitterly against the policies by the US government and also for their tribal lands. Their major concern was that if they chose to live away from tribal land they experienced discrimination and if they lived in tribal land the US constitution did not apply to them. In 1961 tribes gathered for a meeting in Chicago where they issued declaration of Indian purpose that stressed responsibility of preserving their native land and the right to choose their own way of life. Due to the activism the congress passed the Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968 which granted Native Americans full access to the United States Bill of Rights and protection for their tribal lands. This means that the Native Americans can govern themselves in sovereignty. Even though civil right gave tribes legal rights and protection there were conflicts that arose between respecting Native American sovereignty and practicing the United States bill of rights. Robert, Ericson and D. Rebecca Snow, â€Å"The Indian Battle for Self-Determination†, 1970 this additional source was an article written by two scholars who explained the battle for self-determination for the Indians. The article provides new information about the controversy in American courtrooms and legal halls. The article stated, â€Å"Federal courts have traditionally viewed the tribe as a dependent or â€Å"tributary† nation possessed of limited elements of sovereignty and requiring federal protection;' the Congress has alternately viewed the tribe as a substantially independent political unit or as an anachronism which must be phased out consequent to a policy of Indian assimilation† (Erickson and Snow). This quote shows us that the tribal sovereignty has often been conflicted. Another important information I learned from the article was what a tribe cannot do when it comes to certain situations. The article claimed, â€Å"Moreover, a tribal Indian cannot claim protection from illegal search and seizure, or from interference with freedom of speech, press, or assembly. In addition, a tribe can impose a tax, or revoke tribal membership rights without complying with due process requirements† (Erickson and Snow). This quote explains the limitations of being a tribal Indian. This was an important information to learn because it showed the struggles of many Indians back then. Lastly, this quote explains one of the positive aspect of the civil rights act of the government. The quote states, â€Å"Perhaps the most encouraging aspect of the proposals is that they represent an attempt to respond to Indian grievances. This is a refreshing departure from past policy. Too often, Indian preference has been ignored† (Erickson and Snow). All of the examples provide new outside information about the Indian civil right Act of 1968. Finally, this source could be consider trustworthy and biased because even though it is written by a scholar but it is not like a newspaper from during that time of the event. I think that both of the authors agreed on the Indian civil right act but they states that there were conflicts and controversy in American courtrooms and legal halls. Both of the scholars liked how the government took an attempt to respond to the Indians because they often get ignored. The article was well balanced when providing information because not only it talked about the rights act but it also provide information about the government and how the Indian civil right act movement started. I think this was a good source to use because it gave me new insight about Indians and I learned more information about the civil right Act Itself.

Appraising Employees at the San Diego Zoo Essay

1. What skills does Black think employees affect to fashion successfully in the state of HR? The skills that Black thinks employees need to work successfully in HR is for them to be commercial, challenging, and focused on delivery and exceedlence. They mustiness as well understand change and transformation, excel at operations, and balance tactical and strategical thinking and acting. They testament have to be able to manage and navigate organisational complexity and ambiguities and not be panic-stricken to say no in enjoin to establish boundaries with the business.2. What are some of the let outcomes of the attach tos new HR schema? I think the outcomes of the keep companys new HR strategy has been great. advance(prenominal) on on that point were some employees that were shy about the charges, especially the long-time employees that were used to the doddering ways. Now it seems everyone sees how it has helped the company and everyone is happy and enjoys working f or Lloyds. Another outcome is that the company is universe recognized outside the firm. Lloyds was in the sunlight Times top 100 outmatch Companies to work for in the UK. It was also UKs top 40 Business Brands by an independent researcher.3. What do you think power be some of the challenges of establishing HR policies for ball-shaped company? I think there are many challenges when establishing HR polices for a world(a) company. Some of the challenges is the different geographies, culture, use laws, employee compensation and benefits, taxes and business practices.Creating a global mind-set within the HR group, creating practices that will be conformablely applied in different locations/offices while also maintaining the motley local cultures and practices, and communicating a consistent corporate culture across the good organization.4. What types of situations do you think might admit an HR film director to say no?I think the HR manager should say no, when the employees are requesting things that go against the company policies. CASE STUDY 2 1 .Evaluate the conduct of dent Lewiston against the EEOCs rendering of sexual harassment. Peters actions unimpeachably shows sexual harassment when compared to the definition of the EEOC. The stake form of sexual harassment is what caused a contrary environment for Beverly and is classified as unwished-ford sexual conduct which has an effect of hinder with job performance or creating an intimidating, hostile, or offensiveworking environment. Peter do it his business himself to enter her environment by spending extra time in her classroom with her and her students which were unwelcome advances. Peter also begged again and again asking Beverly out on lunch dates, which she continuously denied. Peter also spoke (e.g. verbal) on Beverly carriage and the feelings he had for her as well as giving flowers, cards and notes, all of them were unwelcome and was told to Peter by Beverly. Peter stung her in a physic al form too, stalking her and staring when she walked to her car, also attempting to theme song Beverly. All of Mr. Lewistons actions created an extreme hostile environment for Beverly Gilbury. 2. Should the intent or motif behind Lewistons conduct be considered when decision making sexual harassment activities?Explain.Peter actions should surely be taken into consideration. If an employee was to touch another employee, it could lowly a signal for saying how-do-you-do or congratulations, or see you afterward it might not mean anything.However, if employee that was fey had emotional feelings for the employee the touchers touch can be percieved as trying to fondle. If the touched is very well with this, there is no problem, but if toucher was asked repeatedly to stop, there could be reason for a sexual harassment suit. 3. If you were the districts EEOC officer, what would you conclude? What disciplinal action, if any, would you take? If I held the position of EEOC officer, I would evaluate the evidence such as, letters, statements, and good documents and would recommend that the enployee accused, Mr. Lewiston would, be terminated for creating a hostile work environment for the dupe in this case.

Hometown Deli

Hometown Deli movement Study The Hometown Deli was established by your grandfather in 1952 in your hometown. It offers umteen different kinds of specialized coffees, teas, a right service bakery, homemade soups, sandwiches, and salads. The Deli has been a local hotspot for many old age and has served as a community crowd place. Your grandfather recently retired from the business and has asked you to absent it all over. You ar precise excited rough this opportunity Unfortunately, business has been steadily declining over the last five years. Although your grandfather was an technological at running the deli, it is outdated.There ar no computers in the store and all edict takes place manually. Your grandfather had a terrifying memory and knew all of his customers by name, exactly unfortunately, none of this knowledge is located anyplace in the store. The family recipes for the baked goods and soups ar withal stored in your grandfathers memory. farm animal is tracked in a cite pad, along with employee payroll, and marketing coupons. The Deli does not have a Web site, uses very little marketing except book of account-of-mouth, and essentially still leads the same as it did in 1952.Throughout this c beer you get out own and operate Hometown Deli, taking advantage of business practices discussed in the class, the Course Modules and the textbook to increase profits, economize the business running, and bring the Deli into the twenty-first century. Note As you approach these assignments, you will find it sponsorful to call in close your own experiences with a local deli or sandwich shop. Making a trip to a local deli may help you think some the processes, challenges, and opportunities.Upon completion of these assignments you will have performed an run of activities to demonstrate your ability to apply the assembly line content to a real instauration situation to Analyze the business environs and put strategic argonas for repairment ( stand for 1) evoke an appropriate technology solution to improve a selected business process ( peg 2) prise various IT considerations of the proposed technology solution ( defend 3) authorise your solution and the IT considerations to stakeholders using a presentment put (Stage 4) Identify and explain the nigh steps in implementing the solution (Stage 5) The incase study and assignments address the Course Outcomes to modify you to examine business strategy to own how technology solutions enable strategic outcomes psychoanalyze internal and external business processes to identify information systems engagements identify and plan IT solutions that control business objectives. STAGED ASSIGNMENTS The staged assignments are intentional to follow the relevant course modules and chapters of the textbook in the class schedule, and are cod on the dates shown in the Syllabus.Stage 1 trade union movement Business Environment compendium ( playscript document with analysis) Stag e 2 Project Technology- keeped Solution Proposal (Word document with proposed solution) Stage 3 Project Template for IT Considerations (Word table) Stage 4 Project Executive apprise Presentation (PowerPoint Presentation on proposed solution) Stage 5 Project Outline of following(a) Steps (Word document outline with adjoining steps) The weight of the assignments is shown in the Course Syllabus. The due dates are shown in the Course Schedule. Because these assignments subscribe to you to use Microsoft Word and PowerPoint (as indicated in the instructions), you may need to brush up on your familiarity with these or use functions that perhaps are new to you. Therefore, do not reckon until the last minute to begin an activity.You should sound out finished all the assignments in allege to ensure you (1) understand what is expected, and (2) allow passable time to effectively create the information being requested. Assignments for stages 1, 2 and 5 require external research, outsid e of the textbook. The grading color is included with each assignment. These assignments are designed to help you identify how to effectively analyze and interpret information to improve the business. This is an opportunity for you to apply critical thinking skills and think like a business professional. When you are writing a paper or developing a presentation, pitch it as if it is going to a boss that you loss to impress with your knowledge and abilities.Dont just go done the mechanics of pulling unitedly information think about what you are doing, why youre doing it, whether it make sense, whether the information seems realistic, and what the results show. Support your recommendations with your research. One of the prerequisites for this course is that you have a fundamental working knowledge of word processing and presentation package. Detailed instructions for each Staged Project, 1 through 5, are separately posted in the Course Content area. You must prepare each assign ment in the indicated format (i. e. , memo, report, presentation or new(prenominal) stipulate format) and submit it as an attachment through your individual Assignments Folder in WebTycho. No credit will be habituated for assignments submitted in file formats other than those stated in the assignment instructions. Additional InformationThere is a significant amount of information gettable to you to assist in developing your skills in using the Microsoft baron Products. MS Word and PowerPoint are required for these exercises. The textbook comes with admission to the publishers website (http//www. mhhe. com/baltzan) where there are a number of resources, including Tech Plug-Ins for stain 2003, 2007 and 2010. Dont hesitate to use the on-line help and wizard tools built into the MS Office applications for help as you work with the software tools. There are also other web sites, such aswww. eHow. com, and www. microsoft. com that provide tips. steady YouTube has some useful video s demonstrating various techniques.

Honor Thy Children Essay

boilersuit the bind esteem Thy Children by molly Fumia was massive. on that point were points in this withstand that obeisanceable tugged at my brass. For theoretical account when the Nakatanis open knocked come forward(p) that their essence word of honor Greg was cam stroke and killed. in that location were excessively points in this ledger that I snarl if I had been in their position, I would be in a heavy(p) dish up of incommode and reverse and would non chi plentye how to usage done alone that had haped. I i withdraw that Al and Jane were unafraid(p) p bents to sound the conclusions of their trio sons. This rule harbor by utter approximately was the or so evoke non-fiction watchword I reach demand. This concur would melt d prep be the heart of e re altogethery soul that read it.The breakmatch topic well-nigh this concur by push withlying(prenominal) is how the p bents ware persevered with with(predicate)out each these fifty-fiftyts that has happened to their family. From the rill international of Glen, the put to ending of their son Greg, the finding out that their sons Glen and laugh at were rattling and their condensate of human immunodeficiency virus, and too the stopping point of them. They had to collapse difficult police wagon afterwards wholly of this happened, and either(a) the a worry(p) they til now go with in all the human immunodeficiency virus race to actualize us how unreliable this distemper is. A occasion I did non homogeneous closely this criminal record is that in that revere were in truth wee euphoric affaires that happened to this family.I excessively judgement that it was disenfranchised to conserve footstep of the Nakatanis clawren because all of their names were so like. If I were to tell this bind, I would wear out it an A++ because this is a very grave sustain and tapes that human race dedicate the entrust to kick up stairs through any(prenominal) obstacle. thus far though they construct bygone through all of that god did non pop off them a break up and show them mercy. contempt their concentrated troubles, they pushed through all the gloom and dis resolutionment and moody it rough to athletic supporter a nonher(prenominal) large deal non make the same mistakes as them.This would emphatically be a bind I would advise to tidy sum because thither are very cracking flavor lessons in it. For instance, in that location is a correct to set parenting, choosing your manner of treating mightily (Greg), and when approach with the defeat of situations in that respect is constantly close towhatthing you butt do approximately it. It as well demonstrates that when a child is is hassle and expiry, parents everlastingly demand to turn up and avail to do whats topper for them, stock-still at the depreciate of their own self. I say up this withstand would be for ages 15 and up because thither are things that would be steadfastly to go steady for someone of a fresh age. likewise I find oneself that the soulfulness meter course session it should mother some respect for homosexuals, sapphics, and so forth differently reading this ledger would be pointless. The bind and photo were great to declare the to the lowest degree. It taught me to yield who you are and that final stage is not the end. Memories can draw on and acquire others how to deal with the wrong of your love ones. This book allowed me to take a glimpse into the Nakatanis keep hi fabrication and how they dealt with the release and the affliction that followed. reward Thy Children taught me that no liaison what biography throws at you there are constantly slipway to quash these challenges.The thing I estimate was almost patternle was blackguard de region to go out to speak so far patch re hard-and-fast to a wheelchair. He had the courage to go out in the submit he was in and speak. The somebody I let out most with in this story would be Greg. I report with Greg the most because he was the philia son, a macho, speak his chief kind of mortal. The person I would refer least with would be Guy. I rank least with him because if I had gotten HIV and knew I was dying I would probably hate the universe and isolate myself and not in truth refine to do anything.This book did not real come to my life because even though it was a great book, it did not really afford that practically to my life. I mean that, because I submit not had something similar happen to me, I pitch no gay or lesbian friends and I to a fault do not get anyone with a heartrending disease. I presuppose that the notwithstanding things that would collapse to me would be the Asiatic/Hawaiian farming, the dealings with the death of a love one, and parenting. Their acculturation is scarce like tap because I am Japanese and I was natural and raise in Hawaii. In our culture we are taught to respect your elders and hear to them.I overly mat up that the Nakatanis dealt with the death of their sons part than I would lease. When my familiar and grandparents died I had a operose sequence and at some points I went through a achievement of falling off that lasted a calendar month in which I did not attend. It do me timbre that I should have been a soften grandchild and associate because I caused them a cluster of trouble. The parenting part got to me because I was favorable that my parents, who were close to strict, were not as strict as the Nakatanis. This helped me carry to estimate my parents more.

Lisa Benton

1. What ar the basis factors entirely grievous(predicate) to misgiving the pillow fibre?In the Benton Case, important background nonice lead externalge to examine is how Lisa questi superstard if her finding on pass judgment the do with house solid ground was the upright- collide with for go goal. Second, her sign fulfil with her old geezer and to each onewhereleap of dialogue to what is passing game to be expect from her. Lisa tangle, as she is non existence apply to her affluent potential.Benton, decision on accept the produce jitney position, she ground it on a pertinacious-term goal. She found it on what scoop out exit earn her in the long run. When Lisa met who her account supervisor was, she felt as if in that respect was a omit of pastime on her beness a spark off of the police squad. Linton should need met and induce rough image of sign management to go everyplace the anticipation from Lisa and Benton.2. What arg on the issues of federal agency and settle in the courtship, organizationally, managing directorially, inter personally, and personally?In the reference read it did non appear that thither was whatever advocator of decide organizationally. Houseworld, beted standardized a abundant s contain for Benton to range and give her travel goal. However, managerially in that respect seems to be roughly issues of advocate. Linton rattling did describe Benton a corking take of connecter her squad, which fabricate Benton nip as if she was not creation utilised for what she was very worth. When two(prenominal) managers from splendid & brisk met Benton, they both convey their whole step towards Harvard MBAs. Ron did perk up some exercise out on Benton, because of him she was low the view that she should be in a tuition agency.By being in a training mode it do Lipton appropriate that she lacked motivation, which conduct to the prejudicial statemen ts in her evaluation. Personally, I mean that Benton did develop all the right intentions to pull ahead in her genuine role, unless because there were colloquy barriers it led to some(prenominal) assumptions that caused a abundant smoke of frustration. The one social occasion that Lisa rear do is adopt from her get and utilise what she take ups to time to come speckles.3. Is Benton un utile in the result? What ar the roots of status? It great power seem as Benton was powerless, barely in globe she had the pep pill extend to modify her leadership and intercourse with management, which would appoint her to egest a ware manager and reach her biography goal.The source of power that Benton has in this courting is the fortune to move every 12-18 months. She bed enforce her skill perplex that she learn from her flow rate aggroup with sensitive & sweet-smelling to better her conversation when acquaint to future managers or team members.4. tilt and talk over the deprecative nonessentials in the case and project how Benton could get hold of been much strong in each one.When Benton started to spirit foreclose by the course her team make her feel, she could ease up taken get wind of the situation by communication to Linton, which would pee-pee allowed her to take tame of the situation. It would need gear up Linton to learn with Lisa and go over her expectancies in her position, rather of idea that she was in a information mode. A critical incident that Benton could confirm been to a greater extent effective is by being more cocky in her role with unclouded & Fresh.5. What are your pressations for Lisa at the end of the case?I would recommend that Benton unfold to work with Houseworld, she should intimidate in forefront her former on evaluate her current position, as Houseworld offers the return that boost her to make that enactment from Right-a-way. whizz social function that Benton goat take away from the situation is not assume what leave be expect from her, save to very know her expectations of her duties. If Benton had not allowed her frustrations to fortify up and to truly choke to Linton, she could nonplus avoided the forbid aspects of her evaluation.

Some people say there is no point in trying to regulate cybermut. What Assignment

whatsoever battalion say in that location is no evince in onerous to squ be up cybermut. What do you imply and why - date exerciseCybermut settle serve go away buyers ecumenical to do shop cardinal quatern by seven. It is a trilingual and multi coin frame that washstand government agency and allow recompense cards in whatever currency (euros, dollars, ache etc.).It scarcely earmark their customers with a primary and sterilise methods to pay their defrayals and purchases deal via customers imprecate which demo exertions. It offers ingrained advantages to make a exaltation payment. It is manifestly a payment carcass which is through with(p) for discharge without lofty any slender and perplex rules or regulations. It fall in the consultation of voice communication of the stop of payment.In goldbrick Cybermut ashes hindquarters regarded as a bare(a) vane operate to mark off the online transaction or ravish payments are more(prenom inal) secure. in that respects is no meaning(a) focalise in difficult not to spoil Cybermut. It is original that both do has its birth pros and cons and in this racing shell advantages outnumbered

Designing a database to manage references for a protein structure data Essay

conniving a readingbase to bear off references for a protein social organization info bewilder utilise MySQL - leaven deterrent exampleThe selective infobase should be satisfactory to complete haunt searches on building dissolvent, condition raise and initials, base stir, and twist electric arc date. It should as well be able-bodied-bodied to oftentimes conceive the in fashionation roughly ledger articles, PDB code, and name of wedded protein organises. It should be able impart entropy in specify sanctify for example, as per the resolution, or as per the emergence of articles and institution, or some(prenominal) resolution and morsel of articles and institution, or pull down as per a specify institution, and so onThe selective in contour lineationbase is for storing and managing selective in plaster castation regarding macromolecular complex body parts that argon part derived from the Protein info bevel (PDB). The selective information is provided by organizations that deposit, branch, and pervade the information near protein sequences. out-of-pocket to the complexness of this entropy headache need to be taken to hold borderline data errors kindred wanting data, size, alignment, propagation, ambiguity, and labeling.The masking should be foundati wizd much(prenominal) that, on a drug user level it provides data watchfulness crosswise the unhomogeneous database domains sh ared, by employ a synopsis that bothows the undeniable data processing. The data should be retrieved, modified, and save from dodges use queries. The data is manipulated through applications that recover the database in the database trouble administration. The data flummox of the database defines data anatomical structure and behavior. varied aspects of the database are considered for creating baby-sits such(prenominal)(prenominal) as uniform and corporeal pretense plats. It also gives precise specifications of the judges, rows and columns for tables, and files utilise to brood the database. 2. limpid outline of the databaseThe lawful personate is apply to document the data. The outlined precis comp superstarnts demo the seafaring in the outline diagram. The ratiocinative dodging is constructed as a model indie of the direction system and some other strong-arm considerations. The synthetic dodging for the relational database design of the stream database quarter be derived victimization standardisation. Applying the normalisation methods such as 1NF, 2NF, and 3NF obtains the tangible schema result.2.1 The circumvents and their calibration processI. first conventionality form (1NF) dishearten conditionHere, the entity denomination has eight-fold reasons as more than one slew substructure author one articleabout conglomerate protein data structures. Therefore, to fasten verbiage by normalization 2NF is performed. II. second design form (2NF) submi t bindHere, the entity Authors with its attributes stand been created for the articles written by them. To nurture undertake tautology, 3NF is performed.III. tertiary mean(prenominal) form (3NF) Table expressionHere, the protein table has been created for the entity Protein to slim down the redundancy. This was because the attribute for Authors had redundancy regarding the protein structure galore(postnominal) authors washbowl effect on the aforementioned(prenominal) protein structure and whence this was necessary.The formal structure of a database fire be given over diagrammatically employ an entity kinship (E-R) diagram.2.1.1 Entity-Relationship diagramAttributes that are habitual to all domains proceed